Abrazivno oruđe u Neolitu Srbije

Abstract

Istraživanja neolitskih lokaliteta poslednjih decenija dala su veliki broj abrazivnog kamenog oruđa, koje je dugo bilo zapostavljeno u našoj arheologiji. Oruđe sa abrazivnim svojstvima imalo je važnu ulogu u svakodnevnom životu neolitske populacije. Korišćeno je u izradi velikog broja predmeta od kamena, kosti, roga, keramike, drveta, ali i prilikom pripremanja hrane. Dati su tipologija, upotreba i mesto u naselju, kao i zastupljenost na neolitskim lokalitetima u Srbiji: Glačalica, bruseva, rastirača i žrvnjeva. Pokazano je na koji način se pravi razlika između pojedinih tipova masivnog abrazivnog oruđa. Bez obzira na to što nalazi abrazivnih alatki predstavljaju arheološki 'neatraktivan' materijal, one su imale veoma važnu ulogu u neolitskoj svakodnevici, o čemu svedoče i raznoliki tragovi upotrebe na njima.

Abrasive tools from Neolithic sites, being massive and relatively unattractive, have been somewhat neglected in archaeological research in Serbia. Nevertheless, abrasive tools were an important segment in the daily life of Neolithic man, which is clearly shown by the various traces of their use. Abrasive tools encompass: grindstones (fig. 1/1-5; pl. I/1, 4), whetstones (fig. 2/1-4; pl. I/3), pounders (fig. 3/1-3), querns (fig. 4/1; pls. I/2, II/2) and mortars (fig. 4/2). The expansion of abrasive tools is evident during the later phase of Vinča Culture. For instance, at the site Ilića Brdo in Čučuge near Ub, abrasive tools formed some 56% of all polished stone tools, whereas in the strata dated to a later phase of Vinča Culture, at the site Belo Brdo at Vinča, the percentage rose to 70%. At the Belo Brdo site in Vinča there is a clear delineation in materials used: massive grindstones are made of sandstone, whereas querns are made of conglomerate rocks. That is why the grindstones have a smooth working surface, while the querns' surface is rough. A similar principle is valid in differentiating between grindstones and whetstones (made of fine-grained rocks). In Vinča excavations 2006-2007 some significant data concerning food processing was obtained. In Structure 01/06, which was used for foodstuff storage and for food preparation at the same time, three querns were found (pl. II/1) along with the remains of Triticum diccocum. Two querns were located in the central room, near the oven, whereas the third one was embedded in a sort of clay recipient thus foming a composite tool. The present state of investigation of abrasive tools from the Neolithic settlements in Serbia does not permit any decisive conclusions to be drawn concerning the organization of the production zones in particular, and very little more is to be said in regard to the economic structure and organization of the Neolithic settlements in Serbia in general.