Kanelirani palmini kapiteli pergamonskog tipa u arheo-etno parku u Ravni

Abstract

U radu su analizirana dva oštećena kapitela izložena u sklopu izložbenog prostora Arheo-etno parka Ravna, koja potiču s obližnjeg nalazišta Timacum Minus. Način obrade i prisustvo određenih motiva ukazuju na to da se radi o kasnoantičkim kapitelima. Njihova specifičnost je odsustvo elemenata kojima se karakterišu uobičajeni kapiteli poznatih stilskih redova u rimskoj arhitekturi. Кapiteli iz Ravne se odlikuju vratovima u vidu izvijene korpe, na čijoj se površini nalazi 16 kaneliranih listova raspoređenih ravnomerno i završenih poluobličastim vrhovima. U cilju određenja njihovog vremena nastanka i stilske pripadnosti, izvršena je komparativna analiza sa srodnim primercima u okruženju. Istraživanje stila ukazuje na to da se radi o specifičnoj vrsti rimsko-dorskih kapitela, koji su česti u istočnim provincijama na Balkanu i na tlu Male Azije. Proučavanje kapitela u Ravni pokazuje da su oni mogli nastati u drugoj polovini II ili u toku III stoleća, što se poklapa s periodom najvećeg razvoja kasnoantičkog kastela i naselja Timacum Minus.

The paper analyses two capitals that are kept today in the building of the former school within the exhibition space of the Archaeo-ethno park in the village of Ravna (an annex of the Homeland Museum of Knjaževac). Both capitals are accidental findings. Available data from the archives of the Homeland Museum indicate that both capitals originate from the archaeological site of Timacum Minus, although there is no more precise information on the specific location at the site itself where they were discovered. Due to this circumstance, additional interpretation of the context is difficult, especially when it comes to the architectural structure to which the capitals could have belonged. The specificity of the capitals is the absence of elements that characterise the usual capitals of well-known Roman architectural orders. The capitals in Ravna are characterised by the elongated basket-like neck of the capitals (kalathos), decorated by sixteen fluted palm leaves each. Architectural analyses of the style indicate that these are specific fluted palm capitals of the pergamene style or pergamian type, which are common in the eastern provinces of the Balkans and Asia Minor. The comparative analysis with similar capitals is based on a comparison with the decorative motifs of two examples of capitals in Ravna: with the motif of stylised palm leaves and an astragalus (bead and reels) motif on a kalathos, as well as acanthus and flutes with lunulas (lunulae) motifs on the abacus. Following the presence of these motifs, a similarity can be noted with capitals of this type from Ancyra, Patara, Marcianopolis, Mesembria, Odessa, and Parthikopolis. Based on the dating of similar examples from these urban centres, it is proposed that the dating of the making of the fluted capitals in Ravna be shifted from the 4th century to the 3rd century at the latest.