Vinčanska industrija glačanog kamena u svetlu novih istraživanja

Abstract

U kamenoj glačanoj industriji vinčanske kulture postoji izuzetna ujednačenost u proizvodnji, naročito na području centralne Srbije. Ona se ogleda u ujednačenosti oblika alatki, u upotrebi ovih predmeta u obradi drveta, a posebno u izboru istih sirovina. Sve su ovo razlozi zbog kojih tek od vremena vinčanske kulture možemo da govorimo o pravoj industriji glačanog kamena, a posebno o organizovanom dobavljanju sirovina. U svetlu ovih novih saznanja pokazuje se kao potrebna i vrlo korisna studija materijala od glačanog kamena sa vinčanskih lokaliteta širom Srbije. Pomenuta uniformnost sada se pokazuje kao osnovni razlog za detaljnija ispitivanja vinčanske kamene industrije upravo radi utvrđivanja rasprostranjenosti pojedinih sirovina i načinu njihovog dobavljanja Stoga bi u budućim istraživanjima i rekognosciranjima vezanim za vinčansku kulturu trebalo obratiti pažnju na male naseo-binske pojave blizu izdanaka sirovina kao na potencijalna mala rudarska naselja ili radioničke centre.

Until recently our complete knowledge of the Vinča culture ground stone industry was mostly based on cognition of material from Vinča itself. But in last two decades the stone objects from numerous Neolithic sites in Serbia (Belovode, Crnokalačka Bara, Čučuge, Divostin, Drenovac, Gradac, Grivac Lipovac, Naprelje, Petnica, Pločnik, Selevac, Supska and assemblage collected during the recent excavations in Vinča) were completely researched or sometimes only briefly examined. Now, after such a researching, it is possible to comprehend the character of the ground stone industry from wide territory of the Vinča culture. It is noticed that the extreme uniformity in manufacture of ground stone objects exists in the Vinča culture which is the most obvious on the assemblage from central Serbian sites. The uniformity appears in: 1) tool forms - typology worked out on tools from the site of Vinča can be applied on artifacts from the whole territory of the Vinča culture; 2) usage - objects were mostly used in wood processing; 3) raw materials - at most of the Vinča culture sites almost the same kind of rocks were used for the manufacture of ground stone tools (characteristic finegrained greenish-gray rocks in Vinča Tordoš phases, and light white rocks in Gradačka and Vinča Pločnik phases). These are reasons why the Neolithic manufacture of ground stone objects can't be considered as the 'ground stone industry' earlier than the Vinča culture periods. Also from that time the organized procurement of raw materials can be regarded as some kind of early mining, proved in the case of light white rocks (magnesite). In light of these new investigations it seems necessary and very useful to examine and research ground stone assemblage from sites of a broad territory of the Vinča culture. The mentioned uniformity of the Vinča culture ground stone industry has produced aversion against the studying of this material mainly because of the fact that new types of tools or new kinds of raw materials were not usually recognized at most of the newly discovered Vinča culture sites. But today this uniformity appears as the most serious reason for intensive studying of the Vinča culture ground stone industry which could help to discover the spreading of certain rocks used in the manufacture of stone objects and the way of their procurement. Thus it would be necessary, in all future prospectings and excavations, to pay more attention to small residential conglomerations near the raw material deposit outcrops as potential mining and workshop settlements. It is possible to expect that in such a widely spread culture, as it was the Vinča culture, existed a quite progressed system of procurement and distribution of basic raw materials, and the stone certainly was the one of them. This kind of investigations could be applied to the complete Neolithic because until recently none of the essential difference has been noticed between the Vinča and the Starčevo culture ground stone industry in our country.