All-seeing Helios: the example of the mirror from Viminacium (Upper Moesia)

Abstract

This paper examines a work of superb craftsmanship found in Viminacium, a relief mirror made of bronze, silver and gold. The matrix-hammered relief depicts the adultery of Venus and Mars in the presence of Vulcan, all of whom are being observed by Helios, the oriental deity, with a radiating crown. The significance of the role of Helios, as all-seeing eye, is discussed in regards to literary sources and mythological themes in Roman art. The paper also aims to show the significance of other representations of Helios in the Danubian section of the province of Upper Moesia, particularly in Viminacium where the mirror was found.