Утицај аутохтоног култа на симболичну функцију римских фибула из Србије

Abstract

Анализом групе изразито профилисаних римских фибула са тла данашње Србије уочене су одређене специфичности у украсу појединих типова. Пластично изведени антропоморфни и зооморфни елементи украса ових фибула указују на њихово симболично значење, које се може повезати са аутохтоним култовима. Ове религијске представе су током римске доминације добиле interpretatio romana и повезане су са божанствима плодности, вегетације и цикличне обнове живота, као што су Дијана и Дионис, затим Луна, Венера, Хеката, Нептун, Силван и Розмерта. Занимљиво је да се нека од ових божанстава доводе у везу са експлоатацијом сребра, као и да су карактеристичне сетове сребрног накита са паровима разматраних фибула носиле жене из рударских области Доње Паноније, Далмације, Горње Мезије и Дакије

Analyzing the group of strongly–proiled Roman ibulae from the territory of today Serbia some characteristics in the ornament of particular types could be seen. Plastic anthropomorphic and zoomorphic elements of the ornament of these ibulae indicate their symbolical meaning, associated to autochthon cults. These religious ideas have got interpretatio romana during the Roman period and were connected to deities of fertility, vegetation and cyclic revival, as Diane, Dionysus, Luna, Venus, Hecate, Neptune, Silvanus and Rosmerta. It is interesting that some of these deities could be linked to the exploitation of silver, as well as to the typical sets of silver jewelry with the pairs of ibulae in question, carried by the women from the mining districts of Lower Pannonia, Upper Moesia, Dalmatia and Dacia.

Analyzing the group of strongly - proiled Roman ibulae from the territory of today Serbia some characteristics in the ornament of particular types could be seen. Plastic anthropomorphic and zoomorphic ornament of the early strongly - proiled ibulae (Petković type 17 A – B) (Figs. 7–9, Pl. II) as well as animal decoration on the “anchor“ brooches (Petković Type 15) indicate their symbolical meaning (Figs. 1–6, Pl. I). Their symbolical function has origin in the autochthon cults of fertility, vegetation and cyclic revival. These cults had an orgiastic character and probably were dedicated to the supreme goddess of fertility, vegetation and Moon. The old deities of these cults have got interpretatio romana during the Roman period as Diane, Luna, Dionysus, Hecate, Venus, Neptune, Silvanus and Rosmerta. Particularly indicative is the ornament of the ibula of Petković Type 15 B from Zemun (Taurunum) composed of zoomorphic elements - a head of a horned animal – bovid, ram or goat, a bird – dove, a pair of dogs and a pair of snake proteomes. They were combined with plant motives as poppy-capsule and pine-cones (piniae) (Figs. 2, 4–6). All of the ornamental elements have a strong symbolical meaning as attributes of orgiastic and/or chthonic deities, like three goddesses Diane – Luna – Hecate, Dionysus, Neptune/Bindus or Rosmerta. It is interesting that some of these deities were connected to the exploitation of silver in Roman mining districts Argentariae Pannonicae and in the Roman province Dacia. Also, a hypothetical autochthon goddess of Magna Mater type could be connected to the typical sets of silver jewelry with the pairs of ibulae in question, carried by the women from the mining districts of Lower Pannonia, Upper Moesia, Dalmatia and Dacia (Figs. 10–12, Pl. V). This part of Roman Empire is the territory where from the “anchor“ ibulae originated, which is testiied by the early specimens of strongly – proiled ibulae with anthropomorphic and zoomorphic ornamental elements. (Figs. 8, 9, Pl. II, Pl. III/1, Pl. IV 13, Map 1) They were carried by the priestess of the supposed autochthon goddess or by the noble women of the autochthon population in the mining districts. In that aspect these ibulae, as the part of a set of silver jewelry composed of chains with pendants in the form of ivy leaves and crescent (lunula), were a sign of dignity and high social status. Also, they could be considered as a part of women’s costume of the population in the regions of Roman silver mines in Pannonia Inferior, in the Eastern part of Dalmatia, i.e. in the Basin of Drina River, on the Kosmaj Mountain in Moesia Superior and in the surroundings of Alburnus Maior in Dacia. (Pl. V). Nevertheless, this costume has represented a social status rather than ethnicity. The autochthon population of the Roman provinces in Balkans had achieved the cultural unity in pre – roman times, during the Iron Age, which was also represented through the universal cult of the supreme goddess of Magna Mater type, registered in material culture. The representations of this goddess (or these goddesses) showed the similar jewelry composed of chains with pendants and ibulae (Figs. 10, 13, 15).