Vinčanska koštana industrija sa Divostina

Abstract

Lokalitet Divostin, istraživan sredinom prošlog veka, karakteriše obilje raznovrsnog pokretnog materijala, uključujući i predmete od koštanih sirovina (kosti, rogovi, zubi i školjke). U radu će biti prikazan deo rezultata revizione analize, tačnije koštana industrija iz vinčanskih slojeva. U obzir su uzeti i polufabrikati i celi predmeti, i analizirani su sa tehnološkog aspekta - od načina prikupljanja sirovina, preko tehnika izrade do konačnih formi i načina upotrebe. Polufabrikati, pored toga što potvrđuju postojanje radnog ili radioničkog mesta u naselju za obradu kostiju i rogova, omogućili su i rekonstrukciju tehnologije izrade. Vinčanska koštana industrija sa Divostina je pokazala visok tehnološki nivo, dobro poznavanje i planirano korišćenje sirovina, naročito kad se radi o upotrebi rogova. Značajan udeo rogova ukazuje na prisustvo određenih aktivnosti u naselju o kojima nema drugog arheološkog traga (pre svega, obrada drveta) i sugeriše mogućnost za određeni nivo specijalizacije (sistematsko iskorišćavanje rogova i obradu drveta).

The site Divostin is located in the vicinity of Kragujevac in central Serbia. It was excavated almost half a century ago and it yielded rich remains of architecture and portable finds, belonging to Starčevo and Vinča cultures. In this paper a revision analysis of the bone tool assemblage belonging to Vinča culture is presented. Among raw materials, mainly medium-sized mammal long bones were represented, followed by red deer antlers and to smaller extent other skeletal elements were represented. Although cattle dominates in the faunal record, mainly ovicaprine bones were used. Generally shed antler were used shed, although few specimens from killed animals were present as well. Typologically, pointed tools dominate, including medium, heavy and fine points (awls, points and needles). They were made of longitudinally split bones, further modified by cutting and burnishing. Among cutting tools, several chisels and wedges were represented, made of both bones and antlers, and also two large cutting tools, axes or adzes, of antlers. Burnishing tools include diverse spatulae, made of different raw materials, most of them fragmented and heavily used. Punching tools included punches of antler tines and large hammers, generally made of basal parts of shed antlers. Some of the hammers had socket for inserting another tool on the other end (hammer-axes). Objects of special use included hafts made of long bones and cylindrical segments of hollowed antler, as well as sleeves, i. e., antler pieces with a socket for inserting tool and place for wooden handle, used as shock absorber. Used astragals with perforations were present as well. Decorative and other non-utilitarian items are almost completely absent; original publication mentioned some shell ornaments, however, their present whereabouts is unknown. Most of these tools were used for processing organic materials (leather, plants, wood). Finally, large number of fragments of bones and antler with traces of manufacture were discovered. Some of them may represent broken parts of tools, but some are without any doubt manufacture debris. Especially noticeable are antler manufacture debris, including two large pieces of antler with traces of hacking when blanks were removed from them. The presence of manufacture debris, as well as finally made numerous and diverse antler artefacts, demonstrate that workshop (or workshops) for antler working existed within the Vinča culture settlement. Other data suggest this was not the only workshop at the site, therefore a hypothesis could be made that excavated portion of the site was a working area. Also, large number of antler tools suggests that collecting, processing and using antler tools (probably for wood working) was an important activity of the Divostin inhabitants.