TY  - JOUR
AU  - Kapuran, Aleksandar
AU  - Gavranović, Mario
AU  - Jovanović, Igor
PY  - 2022
UR  - http://rai.ai.ac.rs/handle/123456789/536
AB  - Following more than seven decades of research on the Bronze Age cremation burial grounds in the territory of Serbia, the new absolute dates provide us with an opportunity to determine a more precise chronological sequence of different local cultural manifestations. Although the pioneers of the Serbian archaeology after WWII defined the main cultural trajectories that led to the establishment of cremation as the main burial rite during the 2nd millennium BC, several misconceptions were established that need to be corrected, considering new data. We regard this paper as our contribution to the better understanding of the cultural and chronological sequence in the Central Balkans during the Bronze Age.
PB  - Beograd : Arheološki institut
T2  - Starinar
T1  - Bronze Age Burials Within the Morava, Nišava and Timok Basins
EP  - 72
SP  - 45
VL  - LXXII
DO  - https://doi.org//10.2298/STA2272045K
ER  - 

@article{
author = "Kapuran, Aleksandar and Gavranović, Mario and Jovanović, Igor",
year = "2022",
abstract = "Following more than seven decades of research on the Bronze Age cremation burial grounds in the territory of Serbia, the new absolute dates provide us with an opportunity to determine a more precise chronological sequence of different local cultural manifestations. Although the pioneers of the Serbian archaeology after WWII defined the main cultural trajectories that led to the establishment of cremation as the main burial rite during the 2nd millennium BC, several misconceptions were established that need to be corrected, considering new data. We regard this paper as our contribution to the better understanding of the cultural and chronological sequence in the Central Balkans during the Bronze Age.",
publisher = "Beograd : Arheološki institut",
journal = "Starinar",
title = "Bronze Age Burials Within the Morava, Nišava and Timok Basins",
pages = "72-45",
volume = "LXXII",
doi = "https://doi.org//10.2298/STA2272045K"
}

Kapuran, A., Gavranović, M.,& Jovanović, I.. (2022). Bronze Age Burials Within the Morava, Nišava and Timok Basins. in Starinar
Beograd : Arheološki institut., LXXII, 45-72.
https://doi.org/https://doi.org//10.2298/STA2272045K

Kapuran A, Gavranović M, Jovanović I. Bronze Age Burials Within the Morava, Nišava and Timok Basins. in Starinar. 2022;LXXII:45-72.
doi:https://doi.org//10.2298/STA2272045K .

Kapuran, Aleksandar, Gavranović, Mario, Jovanović, Igor, "Bronze Age Burials Within the Morava, Nišava and Timok Basins" in Starinar, LXXII (2022):45-72,
https://doi.org/https://doi.org//10.2298/STA2272045K . .

TY  - JOUR
AU  - Gavranović, Mario
AU  - Mehofer, Mathias
AU  - Kapuran, Aleksandar
AU  - Koledin, J.
AU  - Mitrović, Jovan D.
AU  - Papazovska, A.
AU  - Pravidur, A.
AU  - Orđević, A.
AU  - Jacanović, D.
PY  - 2022
UR  - http://rai.ai.ac.rs/handle/123456789/393
AB  - In this paper we present the first results of an interdisciplinary research project focused on Late Bronze Age metallurgy in the western and central Balkans. The comprehensive chemical and lead isotope analysis, and a strict consideration of archaeological criteria, has provided a deeper insight into supra regional metal exchange networks between the 14th and 9th century BC in this part of Europe. Particularly interesting and surprising are results regarding the provenance of raw materials for copper production, which have a chemical composition and lead isotope ratios that closely correspond to ore deposits in the southern Alps (North Italy). Based on the examination of 57 objects of different functions, chronology and distribution, it becomes apparent that copper from the southern Alps was almost an omnipresent raw material in the territories of the western and central Balkans with only a few finds from North Macedonia to indicate alternative sources. The analyses demonstrate that the reuse of fahlore-based copper is attested for the first time in the regions under study. The remarkable fact that other archaeological parameters do not indicate such an intensive connection between the Balkan area and Northern Italy raises a number of questions. The sustained and long-lasting networks of raw material procurement stand in contrast to the expected cultural interaction between metal producing and metal consuming prehistoric societies. The results of this work also highlight the currently underestimated role of the southern Alps as one of the main copper producing areas in Bronze Age Europe, and demonstrate for the first time that the region of western and central Balkans was one of the major recipients.
PB  - Public Library of Science (PLoS)
T2  - PLoS One
T1  - Emergence of monopoly–Copper exchange networks during the Late Bronze Age in the western and central Balkans
IS  - 3 March
VL  - 17
DO  - 10.1371/journal.pone.0263823
ER  - 

@article{
author = "Gavranović, Mario and Mehofer, Mathias and Kapuran, Aleksandar and Koledin, J. and Mitrović, Jovan D. and Papazovska, A. and Pravidur, A. and Orđević, A. and Jacanović, D.",
year = "2022",
abstract = "In this paper we present the first results of an interdisciplinary research project focused on Late Bronze Age metallurgy in the western and central Balkans. The comprehensive chemical and lead isotope analysis, and a strict consideration of archaeological criteria, has provided a deeper insight into supra regional metal exchange networks between the 14th and 9th century BC in this part of Europe. Particularly interesting and surprising are results regarding the provenance of raw materials for copper production, which have a chemical composition and lead isotope ratios that closely correspond to ore deposits in the southern Alps (North Italy). Based on the examination of 57 objects of different functions, chronology and distribution, it becomes apparent that copper from the southern Alps was almost an omnipresent raw material in the territories of the western and central Balkans with only a few finds from North Macedonia to indicate alternative sources. The analyses demonstrate that the reuse of fahlore-based copper is attested for the first time in the regions under study. The remarkable fact that other archaeological parameters do not indicate such an intensive connection between the Balkan area and Northern Italy raises a number of questions. The sustained and long-lasting networks of raw material procurement stand in contrast to the expected cultural interaction between metal producing and metal consuming prehistoric societies. The results of this work also highlight the currently underestimated role of the southern Alps as one of the main copper producing areas in Bronze Age Europe, and demonstrate for the first time that the region of western and central Balkans was one of the major recipients.",
publisher = "Public Library of Science (PLoS)",
journal = "PLoS One",
title = "Emergence of monopoly–Copper exchange networks during the Late Bronze Age in the western and central Balkans",
number = "3 March",
volume = "17",
doi = "10.1371/journal.pone.0263823"
}

Gavranović, M., Mehofer, M., Kapuran, A., Koledin, J., Mitrović, J. D., Papazovska, A., Pravidur, A., Orđević, A.,& Jacanović, D.. (2022). Emergence of monopoly–Copper exchange networks during the Late Bronze Age in the western and central Balkans. in PLoS One
Public Library of Science (PLoS)., 17(3 March).
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0263823

Gavranović M, Mehofer M, Kapuran A, Koledin J, Mitrović JD, Papazovska A, Pravidur A, Orđević A, Jacanović D. Emergence of monopoly–Copper exchange networks during the Late Bronze Age in the western and central Balkans. in PLoS One. 2022;17(3 March).
doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0263823 .

Gavranović, Mario, Mehofer, Mathias, Kapuran, Aleksandar, Koledin, J., Mitrović, Jovan D., Papazovska, A., Pravidur, A., Orđević, A., Jacanović, D., "Emergence of monopoly–Copper exchange networks during the Late Bronze Age in the western and central Balkans" in PLoS One, 17, no. 3 March (2022),
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0263823 . .

TY  - JOUR
AU  - Mehofer, Mathias
AU  - Gavranović, Mario
AU  - Kapuran, Aleksandar
AU  - Mitrović, Jovan D.
AU  - Putica, Anđelka
PY  - 2021
UR  - http://rai.ai.ac.rs/handle/123456789/378
AB  - The Balkan Peninsula played a crucial role for the introduction of metallurgy during the Copper Age and numerous archaeometallurgical examinations have delivered highly interesting insights on this topic. However, there is a lack of systematic analytical research on copper ore smelting and metal exchange for the later Bronze Age. In this paper we focus on the first archaeometallurgical results of slags from the sites Ruz?ana, Trnjane and C?oka Njica, Eastern Serbia, complimented by the discussion of XRF and lead isotope analyses carried out on 28 copper-based artefacts. Importantly, radiocarbon dating from these sites points to copper production already being undertaken at the end of the Early Bronze Age (19th?18th centuries BC), more than 500 years earlier than previously assumed. This enables us to investigate the flow of metal during the 1st half of the 2nd millennium BC. The analyses of the metallurgical slags indicate a copper matte smelting process in small open pit furnaces and the use of local sulfidic copper ore sources. The fact that these intensive smelting activities in Eastern Serbia can be paralleled with the early production hotspots in central Europe e.g. on the Hochko?nig (Mitterberg mining areas) sheds new light on the development of copper based metallurgy in Europe. At the same time, the evidence from Eastern Serbia shows that this area was a source of raw material for copper and bronze alloys providing a regional and supra-regional perspective. Furthermore, our analyses revealed the remarkable result, that by the start of the Middle Bronze Age (ca. 1700 BC) copper from the Northern Italian mining areas in the Trentino region also reached the western and central Balkans.
PB  - Academic Press Ltd- Elsevier Science Ltd, London
T2  - Journal of Archaeological Science
T1  - Copper production and supra-regional exchange networks ? Cu-matte smelting in the Balkans between 2000 and 1500 BC
VL  - 129
DO  - 10.1016/j.jas.2021.105378
ER  - 

@article{
author = "Mehofer, Mathias and Gavranović, Mario and Kapuran, Aleksandar and Mitrović, Jovan D. and Putica, Anđelka",
year = "2021",
abstract = "The Balkan Peninsula played a crucial role for the introduction of metallurgy during the Copper Age and numerous archaeometallurgical examinations have delivered highly interesting insights on this topic. However, there is a lack of systematic analytical research on copper ore smelting and metal exchange for the later Bronze Age. In this paper we focus on the first archaeometallurgical results of slags from the sites Ruz?ana, Trnjane and C?oka Njica, Eastern Serbia, complimented by the discussion of XRF and lead isotope analyses carried out on 28 copper-based artefacts. Importantly, radiocarbon dating from these sites points to copper production already being undertaken at the end of the Early Bronze Age (19th?18th centuries BC), more than 500 years earlier than previously assumed. This enables us to investigate the flow of metal during the 1st half of the 2nd millennium BC. The analyses of the metallurgical slags indicate a copper matte smelting process in small open pit furnaces and the use of local sulfidic copper ore sources. The fact that these intensive smelting activities in Eastern Serbia can be paralleled with the early production hotspots in central Europe e.g. on the Hochko?nig (Mitterberg mining areas) sheds new light on the development of copper based metallurgy in Europe. At the same time, the evidence from Eastern Serbia shows that this area was a source of raw material for copper and bronze alloys providing a regional and supra-regional perspective. Furthermore, our analyses revealed the remarkable result, that by the start of the Middle Bronze Age (ca. 1700 BC) copper from the Northern Italian mining areas in the Trentino region also reached the western and central Balkans.",
publisher = "Academic Press Ltd- Elsevier Science Ltd, London",
journal = "Journal of Archaeological Science",
title = "Copper production and supra-regional exchange networks ? Cu-matte smelting in the Balkans between 2000 and 1500 BC",
volume = "129",
doi = "10.1016/j.jas.2021.105378"
}

Mehofer, M., Gavranović, M., Kapuran, A., Mitrović, J. D.,& Putica, A.. (2021). Copper production and supra-regional exchange networks ? Cu-matte smelting in the Balkans between 2000 and 1500 BC. in Journal of Archaeological Science
Academic Press Ltd- Elsevier Science Ltd, London., 129.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2021.105378

Mehofer M, Gavranović M, Kapuran A, Mitrović JD, Putica A. Copper production and supra-regional exchange networks ? Cu-matte smelting in the Balkans between 2000 and 1500 BC. in Journal of Archaeological Science. 2021;129.
doi:10.1016/j.jas.2021.105378 .

Mehofer, Mathias, Gavranović, Mario, Kapuran, Aleksandar, Mitrović, Jovan D., Putica, Anđelka, "Copper production and supra-regional exchange networks ? Cu-matte smelting in the Balkans between 2000 and 1500 BC" in Journal of Archaeological Science, 129 (2021),
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2021.105378 . .

TY  - BOOK
AU  - Horejes, Barbara
AU  - Gavranović, Mario
AU  - Burke, Clare
AU  - Milić, Bogdana
AU  - Brandl, Michael
AU  - Petscko, Irene
AU  - Waltenberger, Lucas
AU  - Bulatović, Aleksandar
AU  - Kapuran, Aleksandar
PY  - 2020
UR  - http://rai.ai.ac.rs/handle/123456789/1498
AB  - The visualization of the archaeological heritage from the Balkans turns the spotlight on the human past in this region that is in many ways essential for our understanding of European history in general. Southeast Europe represents one of the key areas for analysing the human past, where most of the major cultural developments started that had a long-lasting impact on the continent. This specific culmination of cultural and social dynamics over millennia took place in the highly diverse, but connected landscapes of the Balkans. These distinct characteristics form the backbone of one of the most exciting and challenging areas for archaeology on the globe. Visualizing the Unknown Balkans offers an overview of ongoing interdisciplinary fieldwork in Bosnia and Herzegovina and in Serbia covering a time span of about six millennia. The results, in the form of maps, plans, geophysical screenings and digital reconstructions, open up new perspectives for potential future investigations and set the course for the broader public and scientific perception of archaeological research in the region.
PB  - OREA and Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna
T1  - Visualizing the unknown Balkans
T1  - Vizualizacija nepoznatog Balkana
EP  - 115
UR  - https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_rai_1498
ER  - 

@book{
author = "Horejes, Barbara and Gavranović, Mario and Burke, Clare and Milić, Bogdana and Brandl, Michael and Petscko, Irene and Waltenberger, Lucas and Bulatović, Aleksandar and Kapuran, Aleksandar",
year = "2020",
abstract = "The visualization of the archaeological heritage from the Balkans turns the spotlight on the human past in this region that is in many ways essential for our understanding of European history in general. Southeast Europe represents one of the key areas for analysing the human past, where most of the major cultural developments started that had a long-lasting impact on the continent. This specific culmination of cultural and social dynamics over millennia took place in the highly diverse, but connected landscapes of the Balkans. These distinct characteristics form the backbone of one of the most exciting and challenging areas for archaeology on the globe. Visualizing the Unknown Balkans offers an overview of ongoing interdisciplinary fieldwork in Bosnia and Herzegovina and in Serbia covering a time span of about six millennia. The results, in the form of maps, plans, geophysical screenings and digital reconstructions, open up new perspectives for potential future investigations and set the course for the broader public and scientific perception of archaeological research in the region.",
publisher = "OREA and Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna",
title = "Visualizing the unknown Balkans, Vizualizacija nepoznatog Balkana",
pages = "115",
url = "https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_rai_1498"
}

Horejes, B., Gavranović, M., Burke, C., Milić, B., Brandl, M., Petscko, I., Waltenberger, L., Bulatović, A.,& Kapuran, A.. (2020). Visualizing the unknown Balkans. 
OREA and Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna..
https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_rai_1498

Horejes B, Gavranović M, Burke C, Milić B, Brandl M, Petscko I, Waltenberger L, Bulatović A, Kapuran A. Visualizing the unknown Balkans. 2020;:null-115.
https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_rai_1498 .

Horejes, Barbara, Gavranović, Mario, Burke, Clare, Milić, Bogdana, Brandl, Michael, Petscko, Irene, Waltenberger, Lucas, Bulatović, Aleksandar, Kapuran, Aleksandar, "Visualizing the unknown Balkans" (2020),
https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_rai_1498 .

TY  - JOUR
AU  - Kapuran, Aleksandar
AU  - Kapuran, Aleksandar
AU  - Gavranović, Mario
AU  - Mehofer, Mathias
PY  - 2020
UR  - http://rai.ai.ac.rs/handle/123456789/341
AB  - Lokalitet Trnjane kod Bora otkriven je 1984. godine, a prva sistematska istraživanja naselja i nekropole započeta su 1985. i trajala su do 1989. godine. Arheološka iskopavanja sprovođena su u okviru projekta "Istraživanje starog rudarstva i metalurgije u široj zoni timočkog eruptivnog basena" koji je realizovan saradnjom Muzeja rudarstva i metalurgije u Boru i Arheološkog instituta u Beogradu. Istraživanja na Trnjanu bila su u inicijalnoj fazi fokusirana na naselje, prvenstveno zbog velikih količina šljake što se nalazila na površini kao i u arheološkim slojevima, a kasnije su se orijentisala na susednu nekropolu sa spaljenim pokojnicima. Nakon pauze od tri decenije istraživanja su nastavljena 2017. godine, i to u okviru novog projekta "Bronzano doba u severoistočnoj Srbiji - metalurgija, naselja i nekropole", u kojem sada, osim prethodno navedenih institucija, učestvuje i Institut za orijentalnu i evropsku arheologiju iz Beča. Nakon izvršene geofizičke prospekcije 2018. godine nastavljena su sistematska istraživanja naselja, a dobijeni su i apsolutni datumi za dva groba sa nekropole i iz tri uzorka sa naselja. Nekropola na Trnjanu predstavljala je sredinom osamdesetih godina prošlog veka neočekivano otkriće, budući da je bila prva u nizu nekropola koje su kasnije konstatovane na području Bora i Zaječara. Nekropolu je činila veća grupa kružnih kamenih konstrukcija (1,5-4 m u prečniku) u čijem se centru nalaze urne sa ostacima spaljenih pokojnika. Na ovoj nekropoli ih je konstatovano 43, a antropološki su obrađeni samo oni grobovi u kojima se nalazila referentna količina antropoloških ostataka. Pokojnike su predstavljali svi uzrasti, među kojima i jedna trudna žena. Pogrebni prilozi su izuzetno retki, a predstavljaju ih keramički pehari, pršljenci, keramičke lampe i jedan bronzani nož. Objedinjeni rezultati starih i ovih istraživanja naselja na lokalitetu Trnjane ukazuju na to da se izdvajaju pet stratigrafski različitih konteksta, označenih od SU1 do SU5. Nadzemne kuće su s vremenom nestale, usled intenzivne zemljoradnje i uticaja erozije, te su samo u dve sonde iz 1985. i 1987. godine otkrivene zone sa očuvanim podnim lepom i kućnim inventarom. Takođe, postoji mogućnost da su poluukopane stambene objekte mogli da predstavljaju veći ukopi koji u ispuni sadrže veću količinu keramike i lepa, kao što je bio slučaj u sondi 7/2018. Nalaze materijalne kulture čine keramika i kamene alatke, dok je zbog kiselosti zemlje otkriven izuzetno Mali broj životinjskih kostiju. Keramičku produkciju predstavljaju lonci, zdele, pehari, šolje i piraunosi. Posebnu pažnju privlači veliki broj piraunosa i lampi manjih dimenzija (ranije identifikovanih kao kašike), kao i pršljenaka različitih oblika. Keramička produkcija pokazuje dva stilsko-tipološka karaktera - jedan sa uticajima Vatina i drugi sa karakteristikama Paraćinske kulture. Od ostalih nalaza materijalne kulture izdvajamo brojne fragmentovane kamene žrvnjeve i rastirače kao i kamene sekire, a zanimljiva su i dva nalaza jezgra od kamena što su nastala kao nusprodukt obušenja sekira za umetanje držalje. Predmeti od bronze izuzetno su retki, a predstavljaju ih dve šivaće igle, jedan jednosekli nož i, verovatno, još jedan predmet sličan nožu ali prekriven korozijom. Veoma bitne nalaze u postojećim kontekstima na lokalitetu Trnjane predstavljaju metalične šljake (na nekropoli je otkriveno ukupno 18,1 kg, a na naselju 10,3 kg). Morfološke karakteristike ovih šljaka ukazuju na to da su nastajale tokom tri različite faze topljenja sulfidnih ruda, najverovatnije kovelita. Prvu grupu čine komadi većih dimenzija i nepravilnog oblika, sa tragovima uglja, balončićima vazduha i krupnijim zrnima bakra, koji karakterišu prvu fazu topljenja sulfidnih ruda. Drugu grupu (ujedno i drugu fazu topljenja) predstavljaju šljake manjih debljina i u obliku polulopte, a sadrže manju količinu balončića u strukturi i manje bakarnih zrnaca u sebi. Treća vrsta šljaka jesu one što pripadaju finalnom procesu dobijanja ingota i imaju izuzetno tanku profilaciju, pri čemu su ravne, metaličnog sjaja i kompaktne strukture, tako da najviše liče na obojeno staklo. Pretpostavljamo da su mogući izvori rude bakra bili udaljeni najviše 1-2 dana hoda od lokaliteta Trnjane, što bi trebalo da potvrde buduća rekognosciranja. Kulturno-hronološka opredeljenja zajednica koje su živele na prostoru Timočke Krajine menjala su se tokom vremena pod uticajima kako novih otkrića tako i autora koji su se ovom problematikom bavili. Tako su B. Jovanović i I. Janković u prvoj interpretaciji nekropolu Trnjane odredili kao Timočku grupu i datovali je u period srednjeg bronzanog doba, a kasnije su promenili mišljenje i premestili je u kasno bronzano doba, odnosno Paraćinsku kulturu. Za razliku od njih, D. Srejović i M. Lazić su, prema nalazima sa nekropole Magura i naselja na Banjskoj steni kod Gamzigrada, celu kulturu nazvali gamzigradska grupa i opredelili je u srednje i kasno bronzano doba (1700-1300. pre n. e.). A. Bulatović i J. Stankovski istu kulturu ipak opredeljuju kao Timočku grupu, koja je vezana za fazu Bubanj - Hum IV razvijenog bronzanog doba u Pomoravlju. Naše je mišljenje da je za identifikovanje kulturnog uticaja na razvoj grupa naselja i nekropola u Timočkoj Krajini ključni momenat bio uticaj Vatinske kulture, čije se karakteristike jasno prepoznaju na brojnim nalazima keramike ne samo na Trnjanu već i na nekropoli Hajdučka česma i lokalitetima Ružana 1 i 2 u Banjskom Polju kod Bora. Da bi se dobio precizniji hronološki okvir u kome se odvijao život na lokalitetu Trnjane, urađeni su dva apsolutna datuma iz grobova sa nekropole kao i apsolutni datumi iz životinjske kosti, jedne semenke sačuvane u profilu keramičke posude i gareži iz najstarijih kulturnih slojeva u naselju. Apsolutni datum iz groba 10 pokazuje starost iz 1950-1900. godine pre n. e., dok uzorak iz groba 28 (u kome se kao prilog nalazio bronzani nož) pripada periodu 1762-1627. godine pre n. e. Apsolutni datumi iz različitih konteksta u naselju ukazuju na vremenski okvir koji obuhvata razdoblje od druge polovine 18. pa sve do ranog 17. veka pre n. e., što je gotovo identičan datum sa onim dobijenim u grobu 28. Predstavljeni datumi ukazuju na to da su naselje i nekropola na lokalitetu Trnjane, i pored toga što je određena količina keramike imala sličnosti sa paraćinskom kulturom, najverovatnije predstavljali jednu varijantu vatinske kulture koja se razvijala u zaleđu Đerdapa u razdoblju između 19. i 17. veka pre n. e. U približno istom periodu zabeležena je povećana metalurška aktivnost i u alpskoj regiji i na teritoriji severne Italije. Naselje na Trnjanu pokazuje da su zajednice srednjeg bronzanog doba na prostoru severoistočne Srbije imale važnu ulogu u uspostavljanju proizvodnje i distribucije bakra u jugoistočnoj Evropi s početka II milenijuma pre n. e.
AB  - In archaeological literature, the site of Trnjane, near Bor in Eastern Serbia is known as an urn necropolis, with 43 discovered urn graves. The excavations in Trnjane took place between 1985 and 1987-1989, and continued in 1998. The investigations also included an excavation of a nearby settlement, but the results of this research were never published. In most of the previous studies, Trnjane was assigned to the Middle and Late Bronze Age, while the necropolis was often connected with the spread of the Urnfield Phenomena from Central Europe toward the Balkans. New investigations started in 2017 as cooperation between the Archaeological Institute in Belgrade and the Institute for Oriental and European Archaeology (OREA) of the Austrian Academy of Sciences shed new light on the chronology and cultural assignment of Trnjane and other similar surrounding sites in the region of Eastern Serbia. The excavation of the settlement area in 2017 and 2018 yielded numerous finds indicating metallurgical activities connected with copper ore smelting (slag and ores), while pottery finds showed a typological resemblance with an Early and Middle Bronze Age repertoire. The radiocarbon dates from the settlement area and from urn graves of the neighbouring necropolis also point to a much earlier time than previously assumed. The new chronological determination of Trnjane raises a set of new questions, especially regarding the cultural connections between Central Europe and the Balkans and transfers of copper ore smelting technology in the Bronze Age.
PB  - Arheološki institut, Beograd
T2  - Starinar
T1  - Naselje i nekropola iz bronzanog doba u Trnjanu kod Bora - revizija starih rezultata i rezultati novih istraživanja
T1  - Bronze Age settlement and necropolis of Trnjane, near Bor: Revision and new research results
EP  - 84
IS  - 70
SP  - 51
DO  - 10.2298/STA2070051K
ER  - 

@article{
author = "Kapuran, Aleksandar and Kapuran, Aleksandar and Gavranović, Mario and Mehofer, Mathias",
year = "2020",
abstract = "Lokalitet Trnjane kod Bora otkriven je 1984. godine, a prva sistematska istraživanja naselja i nekropole započeta su 1985. i trajala su do 1989. godine. Arheološka iskopavanja sprovođena su u okviru projekta "Istraživanje starog rudarstva i metalurgije u široj zoni timočkog eruptivnog basena" koji je realizovan saradnjom Muzeja rudarstva i metalurgije u Boru i Arheološkog instituta u Beogradu. Istraživanja na Trnjanu bila su u inicijalnoj fazi fokusirana na naselje, prvenstveno zbog velikih količina šljake što se nalazila na površini kao i u arheološkim slojevima, a kasnije su se orijentisala na susednu nekropolu sa spaljenim pokojnicima. Nakon pauze od tri decenije istraživanja su nastavljena 2017. godine, i to u okviru novog projekta "Bronzano doba u severoistočnoj Srbiji - metalurgija, naselja i nekropole", u kojem sada, osim prethodno navedenih institucija, učestvuje i Institut za orijentalnu i evropsku arheologiju iz Beča. Nakon izvršene geofizičke prospekcije 2018. godine nastavljena su sistematska istraživanja naselja, a dobijeni su i apsolutni datumi za dva groba sa nekropole i iz tri uzorka sa naselja. Nekropola na Trnjanu predstavljala je sredinom osamdesetih godina prošlog veka neočekivano otkriće, budući da je bila prva u nizu nekropola koje su kasnije konstatovane na području Bora i Zaječara. Nekropolu je činila veća grupa kružnih kamenih konstrukcija (1,5-4 m u prečniku) u čijem se centru nalaze urne sa ostacima spaljenih pokojnika. Na ovoj nekropoli ih je konstatovano 43, a antropološki su obrađeni samo oni grobovi u kojima se nalazila referentna količina antropoloških ostataka. Pokojnike su predstavljali svi uzrasti, među kojima i jedna trudna žena. Pogrebni prilozi su izuzetno retki, a predstavljaju ih keramički pehari, pršljenci, keramičke lampe i jedan bronzani nož. Objedinjeni rezultati starih i ovih istraživanja naselja na lokalitetu Trnjane ukazuju na to da se izdvajaju pet stratigrafski različitih konteksta, označenih od SU1 do SU5. Nadzemne kuće su s vremenom nestale, usled intenzivne zemljoradnje i uticaja erozije, te su samo u dve sonde iz 1985. i 1987. godine otkrivene zone sa očuvanim podnim lepom i kućnim inventarom. Takođe, postoji mogućnost da su poluukopane stambene objekte mogli da predstavljaju veći ukopi koji u ispuni sadrže veću količinu keramike i lepa, kao što je bio slučaj u sondi 7/2018. Nalaze materijalne kulture čine keramika i kamene alatke, dok je zbog kiselosti zemlje otkriven izuzetno Mali broj životinjskih kostiju. Keramičku produkciju predstavljaju lonci, zdele, pehari, šolje i piraunosi. Posebnu pažnju privlači veliki broj piraunosa i lampi manjih dimenzija (ranije identifikovanih kao kašike), kao i pršljenaka različitih oblika. Keramička produkcija pokazuje dva stilsko-tipološka karaktera - jedan sa uticajima Vatina i drugi sa karakteristikama Paraćinske kulture. Od ostalih nalaza materijalne kulture izdvajamo brojne fragmentovane kamene žrvnjeve i rastirače kao i kamene sekire, a zanimljiva su i dva nalaza jezgra od kamena što su nastala kao nusprodukt obušenja sekira za umetanje držalje. Predmeti od bronze izuzetno su retki, a predstavljaju ih dve šivaće igle, jedan jednosekli nož i, verovatno, još jedan predmet sličan nožu ali prekriven korozijom. Veoma bitne nalaze u postojećim kontekstima na lokalitetu Trnjane predstavljaju metalične šljake (na nekropoli je otkriveno ukupno 18,1 kg, a na naselju 10,3 kg). Morfološke karakteristike ovih šljaka ukazuju na to da su nastajale tokom tri različite faze topljenja sulfidnih ruda, najverovatnije kovelita. Prvu grupu čine komadi većih dimenzija i nepravilnog oblika, sa tragovima uglja, balončićima vazduha i krupnijim zrnima bakra, koji karakterišu prvu fazu topljenja sulfidnih ruda. Drugu grupu (ujedno i drugu fazu topljenja) predstavljaju šljake manjih debljina i u obliku polulopte, a sadrže manju količinu balončića u strukturi i manje bakarnih zrnaca u sebi. Treća vrsta šljaka jesu one što pripadaju finalnom procesu dobijanja ingota i imaju izuzetno tanku profilaciju, pri čemu su ravne, metaličnog sjaja i kompaktne strukture, tako da najviše liče na obojeno staklo. Pretpostavljamo da su mogući izvori rude bakra bili udaljeni najviše 1-2 dana hoda od lokaliteta Trnjane, što bi trebalo da potvrde buduća rekognosciranja. Kulturno-hronološka opredeljenja zajednica koje su živele na prostoru Timočke Krajine menjala su se tokom vremena pod uticajima kako novih otkrića tako i autora koji su se ovom problematikom bavili. Tako su B. Jovanović i I. Janković u prvoj interpretaciji nekropolu Trnjane odredili kao Timočku grupu i datovali je u period srednjeg bronzanog doba, a kasnije su promenili mišljenje i premestili je u kasno bronzano doba, odnosno Paraćinsku kulturu. Za razliku od njih, D. Srejović i M. Lazić su, prema nalazima sa nekropole Magura i naselja na Banjskoj steni kod Gamzigrada, celu kulturu nazvali gamzigradska grupa i opredelili je u srednje i kasno bronzano doba (1700-1300. pre n. e.). A. Bulatović i J. Stankovski istu kulturu ipak opredeljuju kao Timočku grupu, koja je vezana za fazu Bubanj - Hum IV razvijenog bronzanog doba u Pomoravlju. Naše je mišljenje da je za identifikovanje kulturnog uticaja na razvoj grupa naselja i nekropola u Timočkoj Krajini ključni momenat bio uticaj Vatinske kulture, čije se karakteristike jasno prepoznaju na brojnim nalazima keramike ne samo na Trnjanu već i na nekropoli Hajdučka česma i lokalitetima Ružana 1 i 2 u Banjskom Polju kod Bora. Da bi se dobio precizniji hronološki okvir u kome se odvijao život na lokalitetu Trnjane, urađeni su dva apsolutna datuma iz grobova sa nekropole kao i apsolutni datumi iz životinjske kosti, jedne semenke sačuvane u profilu keramičke posude i gareži iz najstarijih kulturnih slojeva u naselju. Apsolutni datum iz groba 10 pokazuje starost iz 1950-1900. godine pre n. e., dok uzorak iz groba 28 (u kome se kao prilog nalazio bronzani nož) pripada periodu 1762-1627. godine pre n. e. Apsolutni datumi iz različitih konteksta u naselju ukazuju na vremenski okvir koji obuhvata razdoblje od druge polovine 18. pa sve do ranog 17. veka pre n. e., što je gotovo identičan datum sa onim dobijenim u grobu 28. Predstavljeni datumi ukazuju na to da su naselje i nekropola na lokalitetu Trnjane, i pored toga što je određena količina keramike imala sličnosti sa paraćinskom kulturom, najverovatnije predstavljali jednu varijantu vatinske kulture koja se razvijala u zaleđu Đerdapa u razdoblju između 19. i 17. veka pre n. e. U približno istom periodu zabeležena je povećana metalurška aktivnost i u alpskoj regiji i na teritoriji severne Italije. Naselje na Trnjanu pokazuje da su zajednice srednjeg bronzanog doba na prostoru severoistočne Srbije imale važnu ulogu u uspostavljanju proizvodnje i distribucije bakra u jugoistočnoj Evropi s početka II milenijuma pre n. e., In archaeological literature, the site of Trnjane, near Bor in Eastern Serbia is known as an urn necropolis, with 43 discovered urn graves. The excavations in Trnjane took place between 1985 and 1987-1989, and continued in 1998. The investigations also included an excavation of a nearby settlement, but the results of this research were never published. In most of the previous studies, Trnjane was assigned to the Middle and Late Bronze Age, while the necropolis was often connected with the spread of the Urnfield Phenomena from Central Europe toward the Balkans. New investigations started in 2017 as cooperation between the Archaeological Institute in Belgrade and the Institute for Oriental and European Archaeology (OREA) of the Austrian Academy of Sciences shed new light on the chronology and cultural assignment of Trnjane and other similar surrounding sites in the region of Eastern Serbia. The excavation of the settlement area in 2017 and 2018 yielded numerous finds indicating metallurgical activities connected with copper ore smelting (slag and ores), while pottery finds showed a typological resemblance with an Early and Middle Bronze Age repertoire. The radiocarbon dates from the settlement area and from urn graves of the neighbouring necropolis also point to a much earlier time than previously assumed. The new chronological determination of Trnjane raises a set of new questions, especially regarding the cultural connections between Central Europe and the Balkans and transfers of copper ore smelting technology in the Bronze Age.",
publisher = "Arheološki institut, Beograd",
journal = "Starinar",
title = "Naselje i nekropola iz bronzanog doba u Trnjanu kod Bora - revizija starih rezultata i rezultati novih istraživanja, Bronze Age settlement and necropolis of Trnjane, near Bor: Revision and new research results",
pages = "84-51",
number = "70",
doi = "10.2298/STA2070051K"
}

Kapuran, A., Kapuran, A., Gavranović, M.,& Mehofer, M.. (2020). Naselje i nekropola iz bronzanog doba u Trnjanu kod Bora - revizija starih rezultata i rezultati novih istraživanja. in Starinar
Arheološki institut, Beograd.(70), 51-84.
https://doi.org/10.2298/STA2070051K

Kapuran A, Kapuran A, Gavranović M, Mehofer M. Naselje i nekropola iz bronzanog doba u Trnjanu kod Bora - revizija starih rezultata i rezultati novih istraživanja. in Starinar. 2020;(70):51-84.
doi:10.2298/STA2070051K .

Kapuran, Aleksandar, Kapuran, Aleksandar, Gavranović, Mario, Mehofer, Mathias, "Naselje i nekropola iz bronzanog doba u Trnjanu kod Bora - revizija starih rezultata i rezultati novih istraživanja" in Starinar, no. 70 (2020):51-84,
https://doi.org/10.2298/STA2070051K . .

TY  - JOUR
AU  - Gavranović, Mario
AU  - Kapuran, Aleksandar
PY  - 2014
UR  - http://rai.ai.ac.rs/handle/123456789/217
AB  - Im Rahmen der Vorbereitung für die Gesamtdarstellung der bronzenen Beile aus
   Serbien konnten einige lokale Formen mit einem begrenzten Verbreitungsradius
   verzeichnet werden. Es handelt sich in erster Linie um mehrere Varianten der
   Tüllenbeile mit einer arkadenförmigen Facettierung auf dem Beilkörper, einer
   seitlichen Öse und einem verstärkten Tüllenwulst mit horizontalen Rippen
   darunter. Im Bezug auf die Typologie, Verbreitung und den kultur-historischen
   Kontext sind die meisten der hier präsentierten Funde bislang unzureichend
   beschrieben. Die charakteristischen Tüllenbeile lassen sich vermutlich als
   Produkte der Werkstätte im Zentralbalkan interpretieren. Wichtig in diesem
   Zusammenhang sind noch prähistorische Kupferbergwerke, die im
   Verbreitungsraum der umschriebenen Beile liegen.
PB  - Arheološki institut, Beograd
T2  - Starinar
T1  - Über einige Tüllenbeilvarianten im Zentralbalkan
EP  - 56
IS  - 64
SP  - 31
DO  - 10.2298/STA1464031G
DO  - 10.2298/STA1464031G
ER  - 

@article{
author = "Gavranović, Mario and Kapuran, Aleksandar",
year = "2014",
abstract = "Im Rahmen der Vorbereitung für die Gesamtdarstellung der bronzenen Beile aus
   Serbien konnten einige lokale Formen mit einem begrenzten Verbreitungsradius
   verzeichnet werden. Es handelt sich in erster Linie um mehrere Varianten der
   Tüllenbeile mit einer arkadenförmigen Facettierung auf dem Beilkörper, einer
   seitlichen Öse und einem verstärkten Tüllenwulst mit horizontalen Rippen
   darunter. Im Bezug auf die Typologie, Verbreitung und den kultur-historischen
   Kontext sind die meisten der hier präsentierten Funde bislang unzureichend
   beschrieben. Die charakteristischen Tüllenbeile lassen sich vermutlich als
   Produkte der Werkstätte im Zentralbalkan interpretieren. Wichtig in diesem
   Zusammenhang sind noch prähistorische Kupferbergwerke, die im
   Verbreitungsraum der umschriebenen Beile liegen.",
publisher = "Arheološki institut, Beograd",
journal = "Starinar",
title = "Über einige Tüllenbeilvarianten im Zentralbalkan",
pages = "56-31",
number = "64",
doi = "10.2298/STA1464031G, 10.2298/STA1464031G"
}

Gavranović, M.,& Kapuran, A.. (2014). Über einige Tüllenbeilvarianten im Zentralbalkan. in Starinar
Arheološki institut, Beograd.(64), 31-56.
https://doi.org/10.2298/STA1464031G

Gavranović M, Kapuran A. Über einige Tüllenbeilvarianten im Zentralbalkan. in Starinar. 2014;(64):31-56.
doi:10.2298/STA1464031G .

Gavranović, Mario, Kapuran, Aleksandar, "Über einige Tüllenbeilvarianten im Zentralbalkan" in Starinar, no. 64 (2014):31-56,
https://doi.org/10.2298/STA1464031G . .