TY  - CHAP
AU  - Vuković, Sonja
AU  - Jovičić, Mladen
AU  - Marković, Dimitrije
AU  - Bogdanović, Ivan
PY  - 2021
UR  - http://rai.ai.ac.rs/handle/123456789/1300
AB  - Animal sacrifice in the Roman world was considered to be a form of communication with the divine sphere. Such rituals were performed to thank Gods, heroes and other divine beings, and ask them for favours, protection,
and good health. The most commonly sacrificed animals were cattle, sheep, goats, and pigs, with the occasional addition of other species such as dogs. Since dogs were often connected to the underworld, their sacrifice was usually related to chthonic gods. Considered impure, dogs are thought to have been sacrificed as means of purification and rites of passage, as foundation offerings for the protection of buildings, as well as within agricultural rituals. On the other hand, they could also have been sacrificed in order to serve as faithful companions and guardians in the afterlife – traits taken from their everyday roles in human life.
PB  - Deutsches Archäologisches Intitut : Wiesbaden
T2  - Roman Animals in Ritual and Funerary Contexts: Proceedings of the 2nd Meeting of the Zooarchaeology of the Roman Period Working Group, Basel 1st-4th February, 2018
T1  - Sacrificing dogs in the late Roman World? A case study of a multiple dog burial from Viminacium amphitheatre
EP  - 256
SP  - 237
DO  - 10.34780/b03671ada6
ER  - 

@inbook{
author = "Vuković, Sonja and Jovičić, Mladen and Marković, Dimitrije and Bogdanović, Ivan",
year = "2021",
abstract = "Animal sacrifice in the Roman world was considered to be a form of communication with the divine sphere. Such rituals were performed to thank Gods, heroes and other divine beings, and ask them for favours, protection,
and good health. The most commonly sacrificed animals were cattle, sheep, goats, and pigs, with the occasional addition of other species such as dogs. Since dogs were often connected to the underworld, their sacrifice was usually related to chthonic gods. Considered impure, dogs are thought to have been sacrificed as means of purification and rites of passage, as foundation offerings for the protection of buildings, as well as within agricultural rituals. On the other hand, they could also have been sacrificed in order to serve as faithful companions and guardians in the afterlife – traits taken from their everyday roles in human life.",
publisher = "Deutsches Archäologisches Intitut : Wiesbaden",
journal = "Roman Animals in Ritual and Funerary Contexts: Proceedings of the 2nd Meeting of the Zooarchaeology of the Roman Period Working Group, Basel 1st-4th February, 2018",
booktitle = "Sacrificing dogs in the late Roman World? A case study of a multiple dog burial from Viminacium amphitheatre",
pages = "256-237",
doi = "10.34780/b03671ada6"
}

Vuković, S., Jovičić, M., Marković, D.,& Bogdanović, I.. (2021). Sacrificing dogs in the late Roman World? A case study of a multiple dog burial from Viminacium amphitheatre. in Roman Animals in Ritual and Funerary Contexts: Proceedings of the 2nd Meeting of the Zooarchaeology of the Roman Period Working Group, Basel 1st-4th February, 2018
Deutsches Archäologisches Intitut : Wiesbaden., 237-256.
https://doi.org/10.34780/b03671ada6

Vuković S, Jovičić M, Marković D, Bogdanović I. Sacrificing dogs in the late Roman World? A case study of a multiple dog burial from Viminacium amphitheatre. in Roman Animals in Ritual and Funerary Contexts: Proceedings of the 2nd Meeting of the Zooarchaeology of the Roman Period Working Group, Basel 1st-4th February, 2018. 2021;:237-256.
doi:10.34780/b03671ada6 .

Vuković, Sonja, Jovičić, Mladen, Marković, Dimitrije, Bogdanović, Ivan, "Sacrificing dogs in the late Roman World? A case study of a multiple dog burial from Viminacium amphitheatre" in Roman Animals in Ritual and Funerary Contexts: Proceedings of the 2nd Meeting of the Zooarchaeology of the Roman Period Working Group, Basel 1st-4th February, 2018 (2021):237-256,
https://doi.org/10.34780/b03671ada6 . .

TY  - CONF
AU  - Vuković, Sonja
AU  - Jovičić, Mladen
AU  - Marković, Dimitrije
AU  - Bogdanović, Ivan
PY  - 2018
UR  - http://rai.ai.ac.rs/handle/123456789/1309
AB  - Aside from the practical role the dogs had in the Roman world, their symbolic and ritual aspects were exceptional. Dogs were considered as companions to the Underworld of human spirits, but also as beings with special powers, especially healing ones. They were companions of ancient deities, such as Artemis/Diana and their sacrificing was used in rituals dedicated to the gods, mostly chtonic ones. Dog skeletal remains from archaeological sites are the most direct evidence of dog usage and human-dog interrelationships in the past. Although it is challenging to confirm the usage of animals in rituals at archaeological sites, deposits of animal skeletons with specific features could be attributed to rites. In this paper we present a few contexts from the area of the Roman city of Viminacium, which could be linked to dog sacrificing: a pit from the area of the Roman amphitheater, with a common burial of at least 12 dogs, and also several specific contexts with individually buried dogs and common burials of dogs and horses. According to archaeozoological data (taphonomy, biometry, pathology, butchering marks) and archaeological context of Viminacium finds, and also indirect evidence, such as ancient texts and iconographic data, we will study different aspects and forms of dog offerings in the Roman world.
PB  - Basel : Universität Basel
C3  - 2nd Roman Period Working Group Meeting of the International Council for Archaeozoology (Animals in ritual and funerary context), 01-04.02.2018. Basel, Switzerland. Book of abstracts
T1  - Dog sacrificing in the Roman world: Examples from Viminacium (Upper Moesia, Serbia)
EP  - 15
SP  - 15
UR  - https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_rai_1309
ER  - 

@conference{
author = "Vuković, Sonja and Jovičić, Mladen and Marković, Dimitrije and Bogdanović, Ivan",
year = "2018",
abstract = "Aside from the practical role the dogs had in the Roman world, their symbolic and ritual aspects were exceptional. Dogs were considered as companions to the Underworld of human spirits, but also as beings with special powers, especially healing ones. They were companions of ancient deities, such as Artemis/Diana and their sacrificing was used in rituals dedicated to the gods, mostly chtonic ones. Dog skeletal remains from archaeological sites are the most direct evidence of dog usage and human-dog interrelationships in the past. Although it is challenging to confirm the usage of animals in rituals at archaeological sites, deposits of animal skeletons with specific features could be attributed to rites. In this paper we present a few contexts from the area of the Roman city of Viminacium, which could be linked to dog sacrificing: a pit from the area of the Roman amphitheater, with a common burial of at least 12 dogs, and also several specific contexts with individually buried dogs and common burials of dogs and horses. According to archaeozoological data (taphonomy, biometry, pathology, butchering marks) and archaeological context of Viminacium finds, and also indirect evidence, such as ancient texts and iconographic data, we will study different aspects and forms of dog offerings in the Roman world.",
publisher = "Basel : Universität Basel",
journal = "2nd Roman Period Working Group Meeting of the International Council for Archaeozoology (Animals in ritual and funerary context), 01-04.02.2018. Basel, Switzerland. Book of abstracts",
title = "Dog sacrificing in the Roman world: Examples from Viminacium (Upper Moesia, Serbia)",
pages = "15-15",
url = "https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_rai_1309"
}

Vuković, S., Jovičić, M., Marković, D.,& Bogdanović, I.. (2018). Dog sacrificing in the Roman world: Examples from Viminacium (Upper Moesia, Serbia). in 2nd Roman Period Working Group Meeting of the International Council for Archaeozoology (Animals in ritual and funerary context), 01-04.02.2018. Basel, Switzerland. Book of abstracts
Basel : Universität Basel., 15-15.
https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_rai_1309

Vuković S, Jovičić M, Marković D, Bogdanović I. Dog sacrificing in the Roman world: Examples from Viminacium (Upper Moesia, Serbia). in 2nd Roman Period Working Group Meeting of the International Council for Archaeozoology (Animals in ritual and funerary context), 01-04.02.2018. Basel, Switzerland. Book of abstracts. 2018;:15-15.
https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_rai_1309 .

Vuković, Sonja, Jovičić, Mladen, Marković, Dimitrije, Bogdanović, Ivan, "Dog sacrificing in the Roman world: Examples from Viminacium (Upper Moesia, Serbia)" in 2nd Roman Period Working Group Meeting of the International Council for Archaeozoology (Animals in ritual and funerary context), 01-04.02.2018. Basel, Switzerland. Book of abstracts (2018):15-15,
https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_rai_1309 .

TY  - JOUR
AU  - Vuković, Sonja
AU  - Bogdanović, Ivan
PY  - 2013
UR  - http://rai.ai.ac.rs/handle/123456789/1328
AB  - Camel remains have occasionally been found in Roman provincial sites throughout the Empire. In Serbia,
several camel bones were found on Roman period sites. In the course of the excavations of the Viminacium amphitheatre,
a partial camel skeleton was found in the western part of the arena. This find dates back to the middle, or the second half,
of the 4th century AD, the period after the amphitheatre lost its function. As no other camel skeleton has been found throughout
the European part of the Empire until now, this one represents a unique find in this territory. According to mixed morphometric
features of the skeleton, it is suggested that the skeleton belonged to a hybrid individual. Based on taphonomic analysis
of the skeleton, assumptions have been made as to how the corpse of this animal was treated after death. In this paper the role
and significance of camels in Roman provinces in the territory of Serbia is also discussed.
PB  - Beograd : Arheološki institut Beograd
T2  - Starinar
T1  - A Camel Skeleton from the Viminacium Amphitheatre
EP  - 267
IS  - 63
SP  - 251
DO  - 10.2298/sta1363251v
ER  - 

@article{
author = "Vuković, Sonja and Bogdanović, Ivan",
year = "2013",
abstract = "Camel remains have occasionally been found in Roman provincial sites throughout the Empire. In Serbia,
several camel bones were found on Roman period sites. In the course of the excavations of the Viminacium amphitheatre,
a partial camel skeleton was found in the western part of the arena. This find dates back to the middle, or the second half,
of the 4th century AD, the period after the amphitheatre lost its function. As no other camel skeleton has been found throughout
the European part of the Empire until now, this one represents a unique find in this territory. According to mixed morphometric
features of the skeleton, it is suggested that the skeleton belonged to a hybrid individual. Based on taphonomic analysis
of the skeleton, assumptions have been made as to how the corpse of this animal was treated after death. In this paper the role
and significance of camels in Roman provinces in the territory of Serbia is also discussed.",
publisher = "Beograd : Arheološki institut Beograd",
journal = "Starinar",
title = "A Camel Skeleton from the Viminacium Amphitheatre",
pages = "267-251",
number = "63",
doi = "10.2298/sta1363251v"
}

Vuković, S.,& Bogdanović, I.. (2013). A Camel Skeleton from the Viminacium Amphitheatre. in Starinar
Beograd : Arheološki institut Beograd.(63), 251-267.
https://doi.org/10.2298/sta1363251v

Vuković S, Bogdanović I. A Camel Skeleton from the Viminacium Amphitheatre. in Starinar. 2013;(63):251-267.
doi:10.2298/sta1363251v .

Vuković, Sonja, Bogdanović, Ivan, "A Camel Skeleton from the Viminacium Amphitheatre" in Starinar, no. 63 (2013):251-267,
https://doi.org/10.2298/sta1363251v . .

TY  - JOUR
AU  - Bogdanović, Ivan
AU  - Vuković, Sonja
PY  - 2013
UR  - http://rai.ai.ac.rs/handle/123456789/188
AB  - Ostaci kamila predstavljaju retke nalaze na rimskim lokalitetima širom Evrope. U Srbiji su kosti kamila pronađene u Sirmijumu (Lauwerier 1978), Viminacijumu, Gomolavi, Vranju kod Hrtkovaca (Vukovic, Blažić u štampi), kao i na lokalitetima Davidovac-Gradište i Pirot-Sarlah bazilika. Prilikom istraživanja viminacijumskog amfiteatra pronađen je skelet kamile (Slike 2 i 3). Ovaj izuzetan nalaz otkriven je u zapadnom delu arene, u blizini ulaza u amfiteatar (Slike 4 i 5). Nalaz skeleta kamile jedinstven je na čitavoj teritoriji evropskog dela Rimskog carstva, u okviru koga su do sada pronalažene samo pojedinačne kosti ovih životinja. Skelet kamile pripada sloju, koji se datuje u sredinu, odnosno drugu polovinu IV veka. U tom periodu prostor amfiteatra više nije korišćen za održavanje spektakla, a nalaz kamile pronađen je u sloju, koji je prekrio sam objekat. Lobanja i donje vilice, deo kičmenog stuba (vratni i leđni pršljenovi), rebra, kao i delovi grudne kosti pronađeni su u anatomskom položaju, dok su delovi nogu bili fragmentovani i dislocirani (Slika 5). Obrasci lomova dugih kostiju ukazuju da su kosti polomljene ubrzo nakon smrti životinje. Na humerusu i radijusu uočeni su tragovi udaraca tupim predmetom. Ovakvo lomljenje dijafiza karakteristično je za eksploataciju koštane srži. Tragovi kasapljenja uočeni su samo na distalnom delu dijafize metatarzusa i oni ukazuju na dranje kože. Obe lopatice i karlice, lumbalni i repni deo kičmenog stuba, kao i delovi nogu nisu pronađeni, pa se može pretpostaviti da su odneti sa ovog prostora. Tragovi blagog površinskog raspadanja prisutni su na malom broju kostiju, dok je samo jedna kost oglodana, i zato se može zaključiti da je kamila zatrpana ubrzo nakon deponovanja. Na osnovu mešovitih morfometrijskih karakteristika pojedinačnih kostiju skeleta kamile, pretpostavljeno je da je skelet pripadao hibridnoj jedinki, koja je nastala ukrštanjem dve vrste kamila. Poznato je da su hibridi kamila krupniji, snažniji i izdržljiviji od jednogrbih i dvogrbih kamila (Tapper 2011; Potts 2004). Ove životinje se lako prilagođavaju hladnijim klimama i sigurno je da su lakše mogle da podnesu klimatske uslove u Evropi. Trenutno se veoma malo zna o hibridizaciji kamila u antici, a do sada su hibridi identifikovani na nalazištu Mleiha (Ujedinjeni arapski emirati, 1-2. v. n.e), rimskim slojevima u Troji (Uerpmann 1999) i u Viminacijumu (Vukovic, Blažić u štampi). Kamile su u rimskom periodu korišćene pre svega kao tovarne životinje, u okviru civilnih i trgovačkih karavana. Značajna je bila i njihova uloga u vojsci, gde su služile za prenos vojne opreme, namirnica i građevinskog materijala (Davies 1967), kao i za jahanje (Dobrewa 1991; Toynbee 1996, 137-140). Meso i sekundarni proizvodi kamila (mleko, vuna, itd.) takođe su eksploatisani u rimskom periodu. Prisustvo dvogrbih kamila često se dovodi u vezu sa karavanima, koji su dolazili iz Centralne Azije (Bartosiewicz, Dirjec 2001), dok su jednogrbe kamile, osim u civilnoj, bile i u vojnoj upotrebi. Hibridi kamila su najverovatnije zbog svoje snage korišćeni kao tovarne životinje, kako u okviru različitih trgovačkih i civilnih karavana, tako i u vojsci. Poznato je da su mezijske legije bile angažovane u istočnim provincijma carstva, pa postoji mogućnost da je određen broj kamila u Meziju stigao upravo sa ovim vojnicima. Iako je na osnovu istorijskih izvora poznato da su kamile korišćene i u spektaklima (Dio 1914, LX, 7, 3; Suetonius 1914, Nero II, I; Toynbee 1996, 139), kamilu iz amfiteatra u Viminacijumu ne možemo povezati sa dešavanjima u ovom objektu.
AB  - Camel remains have occasionally been found in Roman provincial sites throughout the Empire. In Serbia, several camel bones were found on Roman period sites. In the course of the excavations of the Viminacium amphitheatre, a partial camel skeleton was found in the western part of the arena. This find dates back to the middle, or the second half, of the 4th century AD, the period after the amphitheatre lost its function. As no other camel skeleton has been found throughout the European part of the Empire until now, this one represents a unique find in this territory. According to mixed morphometric features of the skeleton, it is suggested that the skeleton belonged to a hybrid individual. Based on taphonomic analysis of the skeleton, assumptions have been made as to how the corpse of this animal was treated after death. In this paper the role and significance of camels in Roman provinces in the territory of Serbia is also discussed.
PB  - Arheološki institut, Beograd
T2  - Starinar
T1  - Skelet kamile iz amfiteatra u Viminacijumu
T1  - A camel skeleton from the Viminacium amphitheatre
EP  - 267
IS  - 63
SP  - 251
DO  - 10.2298/STA1363251V
ER  - 

@article{
author = "Bogdanović, Ivan and Vuković, Sonja",
year = "2013",
abstract = "Ostaci kamila predstavljaju retke nalaze na rimskim lokalitetima širom Evrope. U Srbiji su kosti kamila pronađene u Sirmijumu (Lauwerier 1978), Viminacijumu, Gomolavi, Vranju kod Hrtkovaca (Vukovic, Blažić u štampi), kao i na lokalitetima Davidovac-Gradište i Pirot-Sarlah bazilika. Prilikom istraživanja viminacijumskog amfiteatra pronađen je skelet kamile (Slike 2 i 3). Ovaj izuzetan nalaz otkriven je u zapadnom delu arene, u blizini ulaza u amfiteatar (Slike 4 i 5). Nalaz skeleta kamile jedinstven je na čitavoj teritoriji evropskog dela Rimskog carstva, u okviru koga su do sada pronalažene samo pojedinačne kosti ovih životinja. Skelet kamile pripada sloju, koji se datuje u sredinu, odnosno drugu polovinu IV veka. U tom periodu prostor amfiteatra više nije korišćen za održavanje spektakla, a nalaz kamile pronađen je u sloju, koji je prekrio sam objekat. Lobanja i donje vilice, deo kičmenog stuba (vratni i leđni pršljenovi), rebra, kao i delovi grudne kosti pronađeni su u anatomskom položaju, dok su delovi nogu bili fragmentovani i dislocirani (Slika 5). Obrasci lomova dugih kostiju ukazuju da su kosti polomljene ubrzo nakon smrti životinje. Na humerusu i radijusu uočeni su tragovi udaraca tupim predmetom. Ovakvo lomljenje dijafiza karakteristično je za eksploataciju koštane srži. Tragovi kasapljenja uočeni su samo na distalnom delu dijafize metatarzusa i oni ukazuju na dranje kože. Obe lopatice i karlice, lumbalni i repni deo kičmenog stuba, kao i delovi nogu nisu pronađeni, pa se može pretpostaviti da su odneti sa ovog prostora. Tragovi blagog površinskog raspadanja prisutni su na malom broju kostiju, dok je samo jedna kost oglodana, i zato se može zaključiti da je kamila zatrpana ubrzo nakon deponovanja. Na osnovu mešovitih morfometrijskih karakteristika pojedinačnih kostiju skeleta kamile, pretpostavljeno je da je skelet pripadao hibridnoj jedinki, koja je nastala ukrštanjem dve vrste kamila. Poznato je da su hibridi kamila krupniji, snažniji i izdržljiviji od jednogrbih i dvogrbih kamila (Tapper 2011; Potts 2004). Ove životinje se lako prilagođavaju hladnijim klimama i sigurno je da su lakše mogle da podnesu klimatske uslove u Evropi. Trenutno se veoma malo zna o hibridizaciji kamila u antici, a do sada su hibridi identifikovani na nalazištu Mleiha (Ujedinjeni arapski emirati, 1-2. v. n.e), rimskim slojevima u Troji (Uerpmann 1999) i u Viminacijumu (Vukovic, Blažić u štampi). Kamile su u rimskom periodu korišćene pre svega kao tovarne životinje, u okviru civilnih i trgovačkih karavana. Značajna je bila i njihova uloga u vojsci, gde su služile za prenos vojne opreme, namirnica i građevinskog materijala (Davies 1967), kao i za jahanje (Dobrewa 1991; Toynbee 1996, 137-140). Meso i sekundarni proizvodi kamila (mleko, vuna, itd.) takođe su eksploatisani u rimskom periodu. Prisustvo dvogrbih kamila često se dovodi u vezu sa karavanima, koji su dolazili iz Centralne Azije (Bartosiewicz, Dirjec 2001), dok su jednogrbe kamile, osim u civilnoj, bile i u vojnoj upotrebi. Hibridi kamila su najverovatnije zbog svoje snage korišćeni kao tovarne životinje, kako u okviru različitih trgovačkih i civilnih karavana, tako i u vojsci. Poznato je da su mezijske legije bile angažovane u istočnim provincijma carstva, pa postoji mogućnost da je određen broj kamila u Meziju stigao upravo sa ovim vojnicima. Iako je na osnovu istorijskih izvora poznato da su kamile korišćene i u spektaklima (Dio 1914, LX, 7, 3; Suetonius 1914, Nero II, I; Toynbee 1996, 139), kamilu iz amfiteatra u Viminacijumu ne možemo povezati sa dešavanjima u ovom objektu., Camel remains have occasionally been found in Roman provincial sites throughout the Empire. In Serbia, several camel bones were found on Roman period sites. In the course of the excavations of the Viminacium amphitheatre, a partial camel skeleton was found in the western part of the arena. This find dates back to the middle, or the second half, of the 4th century AD, the period after the amphitheatre lost its function. As no other camel skeleton has been found throughout the European part of the Empire until now, this one represents a unique find in this territory. According to mixed morphometric features of the skeleton, it is suggested that the skeleton belonged to a hybrid individual. Based on taphonomic analysis of the skeleton, assumptions have been made as to how the corpse of this animal was treated after death. In this paper the role and significance of camels in Roman provinces in the territory of Serbia is also discussed.",
publisher = "Arheološki institut, Beograd",
journal = "Starinar",
title = "Skelet kamile iz amfiteatra u Viminacijumu, A camel skeleton from the Viminacium amphitheatre",
pages = "267-251",
number = "63",
doi = "10.2298/STA1363251V"
}

Bogdanović, I.,& Vuković, S.. (2013). Skelet kamile iz amfiteatra u Viminacijumu. in Starinar
Arheološki institut, Beograd.(63), 251-267.
https://doi.org/10.2298/STA1363251V

Bogdanović I, Vuković S. Skelet kamile iz amfiteatra u Viminacijumu. in Starinar. 2013;(63):251-267.
doi:10.2298/STA1363251V .

Bogdanović, Ivan, Vuković, Sonja, "Skelet kamile iz amfiteatra u Viminacijumu" in Starinar, no. 63 (2013):251-267,
https://doi.org/10.2298/STA1363251V . .