TY  - JOUR
AU  - Nikolić, Emilija
AU  - Delić-Nikolić, Ivana
AU  - Jovičić, Mladen
AU  - Miličić, Ljiljana
AU  - Mijatović, Nevenka
PY  - 2023
UR  - http://rai.ai.ac.rs/handle/123456789/495
AB  - During the MoDeCo2000 scientific and research project on mortars used in the territory of the Roman Danube Limes in Serbia, the biggest challenge was the quest for the provenance of raw materials. The area where Viminacium, the largest city in the province of Moesia Superior developed, with millennial continuity of land use and settlement, was selected as research case study and is presented in this research. People throughout history have always used what they had at hand, and the building remains were not only reused but also recycled for new constructions. Thus, the building material of Roman Viminacium has survived in the landscape through the in situ preserved remains of Roman buildings, as well as in the structures from the later periods, up to today. To the best of our knowledge, the use of natural sediments baked during the self-combustion or combustion of underneath layers (coal in our case) for the purpose of construction was extremely rare in the Roman Empire. In this study, we follow the presence of this type of material precisely in Viminacium construction, naming it natural brick, while focusing on its potential use in lime mortars whose production was perfected in the Roman period and has never been surpassed afterward. Archaeological contexts in which this material was found have been studied, along with simultaneous work in the laboratory and in the field during the research and experimental use of the natural brick in lime mortars. We sought to determine whether this material could have been recognised by Romans in Viminacium as a potential valuable pozzolanic component of mortar, along with or instead of fired brick, being locally available and recyclable. The final confirmation of its pozzolanic features and later discussion open completely new directions for the future research of Viminacium lime mortars.
PB  - MDPI
T2  - Sustainability
T1  - Recycling and Reuse of Building Materials in a Historical Landscape—Viminacium Natural Brick (Serbia)
IS  - 3
SP  - 2824
VL  - 15
DO  - https://doi.org/10.3390/su15032824
ER  - 

@article{
author = "Nikolić, Emilija and Delić-Nikolić, Ivana and Jovičić, Mladen and Miličić, Ljiljana and Mijatović, Nevenka",
year = "2023",
abstract = "During the MoDeCo2000 scientific and research project on mortars used in the territory of the Roman Danube Limes in Serbia, the biggest challenge was the quest for the provenance of raw materials. The area where Viminacium, the largest city in the province of Moesia Superior developed, with millennial continuity of land use and settlement, was selected as research case study and is presented in this research. People throughout history have always used what they had at hand, and the building remains were not only reused but also recycled for new constructions. Thus, the building material of Roman Viminacium has survived in the landscape through the in situ preserved remains of Roman buildings, as well as in the structures from the later periods, up to today. To the best of our knowledge, the use of natural sediments baked during the self-combustion or combustion of underneath layers (coal in our case) for the purpose of construction was extremely rare in the Roman Empire. In this study, we follow the presence of this type of material precisely in Viminacium construction, naming it natural brick, while focusing on its potential use in lime mortars whose production was perfected in the Roman period and has never been surpassed afterward. Archaeological contexts in which this material was found have been studied, along with simultaneous work in the laboratory and in the field during the research and experimental use of the natural brick in lime mortars. We sought to determine whether this material could have been recognised by Romans in Viminacium as a potential valuable pozzolanic component of mortar, along with or instead of fired brick, being locally available and recyclable. The final confirmation of its pozzolanic features and later discussion open completely new directions for the future research of Viminacium lime mortars.",
publisher = "MDPI",
journal = "Sustainability",
title = "Recycling and Reuse of Building Materials in a Historical Landscape—Viminacium Natural Brick (Serbia)",
number = "3",
pages = "2824",
volume = "15",
doi = "https://doi.org/10.3390/su15032824"
}

Nikolić, E., Delić-Nikolić, I., Jovičić, M., Miličić, L.,& Mijatović, N.. (2023). Recycling and Reuse of Building Materials in a Historical Landscape—Viminacium Natural Brick (Serbia). in Sustainability
MDPI., 15(3), 2824.
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3390/su15032824

Nikolić E, Delić-Nikolić I, Jovičić M, Miličić L, Mijatović N. Recycling and Reuse of Building Materials in a Historical Landscape—Viminacium Natural Brick (Serbia). in Sustainability. 2023;15(3):2824.
doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/su15032824 .

Nikolić, Emilija, Delić-Nikolić, Ivana, Jovičić, Mladen, Miličić, Ljiljana, Mijatović, Nevenka, "Recycling and Reuse of Building Materials in a Historical Landscape—Viminacium Natural Brick (Serbia)" in Sustainability, 15, no. 3 (2023):2824,
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3390/su15032824 . .

TY  - CONF
AU  - Mijatović, Nevenka
AU  - Miličić, Ljiljana
AU  - Delić-Nikolić, Ivana
AU  - Nikolić, Emilija
AU  - Jovičić, Mladen
AU  - Ilić, Biljana
PY  - 2022
UR  - http://rai.ai.ac.rs/handle/123456789/840
AB  - This work is part of the MoDeCo2000 project research concerning the historical mortars from the Roman period in today’s Serbia. It is focused on the chemical analysis of mortar samples selected from archaeological sites along the Danube River. The main compositional and technological features of the mortars were determined by chemical analyses with energy dispersive x-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP OES) with an HF resistant introductory system. The aim of this study is to present the analytical chemistry strategy used for the rapid and reliable characterisation of the relevant features of historical mortars.
PB  - Belgrade: Serbian Ceramic Society
C3  - Serbian Ceramic Society Conference, Advanced Ceramics and Application X, New Frontiers in Multifunctional Material Science and Processing, Program and the Book of Abstracts, Belgrade, Serbia, 26–27 September 2022
T1  - Chemical Analysis of Historical Mortars from the Roman Period in Serbia
EP  - 67
SP  - 67
UR  - https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_rai_840
ER  - 

@conference{
author = "Mijatović, Nevenka and Miličić, Ljiljana and Delić-Nikolić, Ivana and Nikolić, Emilija and Jovičić, Mladen and Ilić, Biljana",
year = "2022",
abstract = "This work is part of the MoDeCo2000 project research concerning the historical mortars from the Roman period in today’s Serbia. It is focused on the chemical analysis of mortar samples selected from archaeological sites along the Danube River. The main compositional and technological features of the mortars were determined by chemical analyses with energy dispersive x-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP OES) with an HF resistant introductory system. The aim of this study is to present the analytical chemistry strategy used for the rapid and reliable characterisation of the relevant features of historical mortars.",
publisher = "Belgrade: Serbian Ceramic Society",
journal = "Serbian Ceramic Society Conference, Advanced Ceramics and Application X, New Frontiers in Multifunctional Material Science and Processing, Program and the Book of Abstracts, Belgrade, Serbia, 26–27 September 2022",
title = "Chemical Analysis of Historical Mortars from the Roman Period in Serbia",
pages = "67-67",
url = "https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_rai_840"
}

Mijatović, N., Miličić, L., Delić-Nikolić, I., Nikolić, E., Jovičić, M.,& Ilić, B.. (2022). Chemical Analysis of Historical Mortars from the Roman Period in Serbia. in Serbian Ceramic Society Conference, Advanced Ceramics and Application X, New Frontiers in Multifunctional Material Science and Processing, Program and the Book of Abstracts, Belgrade, Serbia, 26–27 September 2022
Belgrade: Serbian Ceramic Society., 67-67.
https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_rai_840

Mijatović N, Miličić L, Delić-Nikolić I, Nikolić E, Jovičić M, Ilić B. Chemical Analysis of Historical Mortars from the Roman Period in Serbia. in Serbian Ceramic Society Conference, Advanced Ceramics and Application X, New Frontiers in Multifunctional Material Science and Processing, Program and the Book of Abstracts, Belgrade, Serbia, 26–27 September 2022. 2022;:67-67.
https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_rai_840 .

Mijatović, Nevenka, Miličić, Ljiljana, Delić-Nikolić, Ivana, Nikolić, Emilija, Jovičić, Mladen, Ilić, Biljana, "Chemical Analysis of Historical Mortars from the Roman Period in Serbia" in Serbian Ceramic Society Conference, Advanced Ceramics and Application X, New Frontiers in Multifunctional Material Science and Processing, Program and the Book of Abstracts, Belgrade, Serbia, 26–27 September 2022 (2022):67-67,
https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_rai_840 .

TY  - CONF
AU  - Nikolić, Emilija
AU  - Miličić, Ljiljana
AU  - Delić-Nikolić, Ivana
AU  - Jovičić, Mladen
AU  - Mijatović, Nevenka
AU  - Vučetić, Snežana
PY  - 2022
UR  - http://rai.ai.ac.rs/handle/123456789/841
AB  - The mortars have been always one of the most interesting topics for the researchers of Roman building constructions. The knowledge on this complex building material used in Roman architecture is mostly based on the research of the monumental structures in the territory of today Italy. However, many mortar examinations were executed by the researchers of provincial Roman archaeology as well, who tried to find evidence of the quality of building activities in the provinces. The territory of today's Serbia, except for the existence of scarce studies, was never in the research focus. Even the monumental bridge over the Danube, built at the beginning of the 2nd century that made Trajan’s conquest of Dacia possible, was not researched thoroughly enough when we speak of its building materials. During the last few years, the interest in the Roman buildings at the Danube territory has grown. Mortar Design for Conservation – Danube Roman Frontier 2000 Years after (MoDeCo2000) project is funded by the Science Fund of the Republic of Serbia. Its aim is to investigate the mortars used in Roman buildings along the former Danube Limes in Serbia, as well as to offer
mortar recipes for building conservation practice.
PB  - Ljubljana : Faculty of Civil and Geodetic Engineering
C3  - Book of Abstracts of the 6th Historic Mortars Conference - HMC 2022, 21-23 September 2022, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
T1  - Mortars of the Roman Frontier on the Danube
EP  - 33
SP  - 33
UR  - https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_rai_841
ER  - 

@conference{
author = "Nikolić, Emilija and Miličić, Ljiljana and Delić-Nikolić, Ivana and Jovičić, Mladen and Mijatović, Nevenka and Vučetić, Snežana",
year = "2022",
abstract = "The mortars have been always one of the most interesting topics for the researchers of Roman building constructions. The knowledge on this complex building material used in Roman architecture is mostly based on the research of the monumental structures in the territory of today Italy. However, many mortar examinations were executed by the researchers of provincial Roman archaeology as well, who tried to find evidence of the quality of building activities in the provinces. The territory of today's Serbia, except for the existence of scarce studies, was never in the research focus. Even the monumental bridge over the Danube, built at the beginning of the 2nd century that made Trajan’s conquest of Dacia possible, was not researched thoroughly enough when we speak of its building materials. During the last few years, the interest in the Roman buildings at the Danube territory has grown. Mortar Design for Conservation – Danube Roman Frontier 2000 Years after (MoDeCo2000) project is funded by the Science Fund of the Republic of Serbia. Its aim is to investigate the mortars used in Roman buildings along the former Danube Limes in Serbia, as well as to offer
mortar recipes for building conservation practice.",
publisher = "Ljubljana : Faculty of Civil and Geodetic Engineering",
journal = "Book of Abstracts of the 6th Historic Mortars Conference - HMC 2022, 21-23 September 2022, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia",
title = "Mortars of the Roman Frontier on the Danube",
pages = "33-33",
url = "https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_rai_841"
}

Nikolić, E., Miličić, L., Delić-Nikolić, I., Jovičić, M., Mijatović, N.,& Vučetić, S.. (2022). Mortars of the Roman Frontier on the Danube. in Book of Abstracts of the 6th Historic Mortars Conference - HMC 2022, 21-23 September 2022, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
Ljubljana : Faculty of Civil and Geodetic Engineering., 33-33.
https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_rai_841

Nikolić E, Miličić L, Delić-Nikolić I, Jovičić M, Mijatović N, Vučetić S. Mortars of the Roman Frontier on the Danube. in Book of Abstracts of the 6th Historic Mortars Conference - HMC 2022, 21-23 September 2022, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia. 2022;:33-33.
https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_rai_841 .

Nikolić, Emilija, Miličić, Ljiljana, Delić-Nikolić, Ivana, Jovičić, Mladen, Mijatović, Nevenka, Vučetić, Snežana, "Mortars of the Roman Frontier on the Danube" in Book of Abstracts of the 6th Historic Mortars Conference - HMC 2022, 21-23 September 2022, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia (2022):33-33,
https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_rai_841 .

TY  - CONF
AU  - Nikolić, Emilija
AU  - Delić-Nikolić, Ivana
AU  - Miličić, Ljiljana
AU  - Mijatović, Nevenka
AU  - Jovičić, Mladen
AU  - Vučetić, Snežana
AU  - Ranogajec, Jonjaua
PY  - 2022
UR  - http://rai.ai.ac.rs/handle/123456789/835
AB  - Roman mortars have long been one of the most intriguing topics in the field of construction history, which together with archaeology has embraced many sciences and professional practices in order to unravel the technologies and knowledge of ancient builders. Among them, geology occupies a special place in the investigation of the origin of raw materials. At the same time, with the help of chemistry, it looks for their mutual relationships, which eventually led to composites with the use of which the most monumental Roman buildings were erected.
PB  - Zagreb: Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences of the University of Zagreb
C3  - MetArh – 10th International Scientific Conference Methodology and Archaeometry, 1st – 2nd December 2022, Zagreb, Croatia, Book of Abstracts
T1  - Searching for Elements – Creating a Composition: from Archaeometry to Conservation of Roman Constructions on the Danube in Serbia
EP  - 55
SP  - 55
UR  - https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_rai_835
ER  - 

@conference{
author = "Nikolić, Emilija and Delić-Nikolić, Ivana and Miličić, Ljiljana and Mijatović, Nevenka and Jovičić, Mladen and Vučetić, Snežana and Ranogajec, Jonjaua",
year = "2022",
abstract = "Roman mortars have long been one of the most intriguing topics in the field of construction history, which together with archaeology has embraced many sciences and professional practices in order to unravel the technologies and knowledge of ancient builders. Among them, geology occupies a special place in the investigation of the origin of raw materials. At the same time, with the help of chemistry, it looks for their mutual relationships, which eventually led to composites with the use of which the most monumental Roman buildings were erected.",
publisher = "Zagreb: Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences of the University of Zagreb",
journal = "MetArh – 10th International Scientific Conference Methodology and Archaeometry, 1st – 2nd December 2022, Zagreb, Croatia, Book of Abstracts",
title = "Searching for Elements – Creating a Composition: from Archaeometry to Conservation of Roman Constructions on the Danube in Serbia",
pages = "55-55",
url = "https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_rai_835"
}

Nikolić, E., Delić-Nikolić, I., Miličić, L., Mijatović, N., Jovičić, M., Vučetić, S.,& Ranogajec, J.. (2022). Searching for Elements – Creating a Composition: from Archaeometry to Conservation of Roman Constructions on the Danube in Serbia. in MetArh – 10th International Scientific Conference Methodology and Archaeometry, 1st – 2nd December 2022, Zagreb, Croatia, Book of Abstracts
Zagreb: Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences of the University of Zagreb., 55-55.
https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_rai_835

Nikolić E, Delić-Nikolić I, Miličić L, Mijatović N, Jovičić M, Vučetić S, Ranogajec J. Searching for Elements – Creating a Composition: from Archaeometry to Conservation of Roman Constructions on the Danube in Serbia. in MetArh – 10th International Scientific Conference Methodology and Archaeometry, 1st – 2nd December 2022, Zagreb, Croatia, Book of Abstracts. 2022;:55-55.
https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_rai_835 .

Nikolić, Emilija, Delić-Nikolić, Ivana, Miličić, Ljiljana, Mijatović, Nevenka, Jovičić, Mladen, Vučetić, Snežana, Ranogajec, Jonjaua, "Searching for Elements – Creating a Composition: from Archaeometry to Conservation of Roman Constructions on the Danube in Serbia" in MetArh – 10th International Scientific Conference Methodology and Archaeometry, 1st – 2nd December 2022, Zagreb, Croatia, Book of Abstracts (2022):55-55,
https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_rai_835 .