Stamenković, Aleksandar

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  • Stamenković, Aleksandar (5)
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Rekognosciranje šire okoline Caričinog grada u 2017. godini i snimanje rimskog rudnika u Lecu

Bugarski, Ivan; Heinz, Guido; Ivanišević, Vujadin; Maas, Alexander; Röhl, Constanze; Schreg, Rainer; Stamenković, Aleksandar; Zdravković, Vladan

(Beograd : Arheološki institut, 2019)

TY  - CHAP
AU  - Bugarski, Ivan
AU  - Heinz, Guido
AU  - Ivanišević, Vujadin
AU  - Maas, Alexander
AU  - Röhl, Constanze
AU  - Schreg, Rainer
AU  - Stamenković, Aleksandar
AU  - Zdravković, Vladan
PY  - 2019
UR  - http://rai.ai.ac.rs/handle/123456789/1325
AB  - Saradnici Arheološkog instituta obavili su od 7. do 9. aprila 2017. godine rekognosciranje utvrđenja u Sekicolu i Radinovcu, kao i dela trase akvedukta Caričinog grada. U saradnji sa istraživačima Rimsko-germanskog muzeja u Majncu i Nemačkog muzeja rudarstva iz Bohuma izvršeno je, od 17. do 20. maja, snimanje i skeniranje rimskog okna na Rasovači u Lecu. Radovi su izvedeni u okviru projekta Srpsko-francusko-nemačka istraživanja u oblasti Caričinog grada radi ispitivanja šire teritorije ranovizantijskog polisa i resursa grada.
PB  - Beograd : Arheološki institut
T2  - Arheologija u Srbiji: Projekti Arheološkog instituta u 2017. godini
T1  - Rekognosciranje šire okoline Caričinog grada u 2017. godini i snimanje rimskog rudnika u Lecu
EP  - 168
SP  - 159
UR  - https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_rai_1325
ER  - 
@inbook{
author = "Bugarski, Ivan and Heinz, Guido and Ivanišević, Vujadin and Maas, Alexander and Röhl, Constanze and Schreg, Rainer and Stamenković, Aleksandar and Zdravković, Vladan",
year = "2019",
abstract = "Saradnici Arheološkog instituta obavili su od 7. do 9. aprila 2017. godine rekognosciranje utvrđenja u Sekicolu i Radinovcu, kao i dela trase akvedukta Caričinog grada. U saradnji sa istraživačima Rimsko-germanskog muzeja u Majncu i Nemačkog muzeja rudarstva iz Bohuma izvršeno je, od 17. do 20. maja, snimanje i skeniranje rimskog okna na Rasovači u Lecu. Radovi su izvedeni u okviru projekta Srpsko-francusko-nemačka istraživanja u oblasti Caričinog grada radi ispitivanja šire teritorije ranovizantijskog polisa i resursa grada.",
publisher = "Beograd : Arheološki institut",
journal = "Arheologija u Srbiji: Projekti Arheološkog instituta u 2017. godini",
booktitle = "Rekognosciranje šire okoline Caričinog grada u 2017. godini i snimanje rimskog rudnika u Lecu",
pages = "168-159",
url = "https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_rai_1325"
}
Bugarski, I., Heinz, G., Ivanišević, V., Maas, A., Röhl, C., Schreg, R., Stamenković, A.,& Zdravković, V.. (2019). Rekognosciranje šire okoline Caričinog grada u 2017. godini i snimanje rimskog rudnika u Lecu. in Arheologija u Srbiji: Projekti Arheološkog instituta u 2017. godini
Beograd : Arheološki institut., 159-168.
https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_rai_1325
Bugarski I, Heinz G, Ivanišević V, Maas A, Röhl C, Schreg R, Stamenković A, Zdravković V. Rekognosciranje šire okoline Caričinog grada u 2017. godini i snimanje rimskog rudnika u Lecu. in Arheologija u Srbiji: Projekti Arheološkog instituta u 2017. godini. 2019;:159-168.
https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_rai_1325 .
Bugarski, Ivan, Heinz, Guido, Ivanišević, Vujadin, Maas, Alexander, Röhl, Constanze, Schreg, Rainer, Stamenković, Aleksandar, Zdravković, Vladan, "Rekognosciranje šire okoline Caričinog grada u 2017. godini i snimanje rimskog rudnika u Lecu" in Arheologija u Srbiji: Projekti Arheološkog instituta u 2017. godini (2019):159-168,
https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_rai_1325 .

Spoljašnja utvrđenja caričinog grada - vizuelizacija i interpretacija digitalnih modela relje

Ivanišević, Vujadin; Bugarski, Ivan; Stamenković, Aleksandar

(Arheološki institut, Beograd, 2019)

TY  - JOUR
AU  - Ivanišević, Vujadin
AU  - Bugarski, Ivan
AU  - Stamenković, Aleksandar
PY  - 2019
UR  - http://rai.ai.ac.rs/handle/123456789/307
AB  - Istraživanja Caričinog grada otpočeta su pre više od jednog stoleća. Pažnja stručnjaka je, iz sasvim razumljivih razloga, pre svega bila usmerena na istraživanja grada, dok su okolna utvrđenja izazivala znatno manje pažnje (sl. 1, 2). Kad je reč o samim iskopavanjima, isto je i danas, ali je primena savremenih metoda arheološke prospekcije i detekcije sa zemlje i iz vazduha, naročito zastupljena u poslednjih desetak godina i praćena terenskom proverom dobijenih podataka, dovela i do važnih saznanja o okolini metropole Severnog Ilirika. U članku se komentarišu objavljena zapažanja prethodnih istraživača - Deroka, Radojčića, Nenadovića, Kondića i Popovića - u svetlu novih podataka. Lidarska snimanja širih zona nalazišta uvedena su u srpsku arheologiju početkom ove decenije, u sklopu učešća Arheološkog instituta u međunarodnom projektu ArchaeoLandscapes Europe. Među prvim skeniranim lokalitetima bio je upravo Caričin grad, sa odličnim rezultatima koje su pratile preliminarne publikacije. Zonom lidarskog snimanja od 12 km² iz 2011. godine, osim samog Caričinog grada, bio je obuhvaćen i deo trase akvedukta, ali i obližnje utvrde Sv. Ilija, Gornje gradište u Svinjarici i Kulište - Jezero. Godine 2015. izvršeno je snimanje prostora površine 4 km² oko utvrđenja u Sekicolu. Iako su i prethodno dobijeni laserski modeli reljefa bez vegetacije bili više nego dovoljni za plodotvornu analizu, u međuvremenu je omogućeno poboljšanje parametara snimanja, pa su ona iz 2015. godine beležila čak 40 tačaka po kvadratnom metru - dvostruko više nego skeniranje terena iz 2011. godine, uz više kontrolnih trajektorija i smanjenu brzinu i visinu leta (tabela 1). Rad na vizuelizaciji dobijenih trodimenzionalnih modela terena odvijao se uz korišćenje različitih tehnika - od standardnih, poput pravljenja dvodimenzionalnih toplotnih mapa pomoću alatke Heatmap u programu QGIS, interpolacije izohipsi (Contour Extraction) i senčenja (hill-shading), do rada u naprednim slobodno dostupnim softverima kao što su Relief Visualisation Toolbox (RVT) i RTIViewer. Funkcija Focal Statistics iz ArcGIS paketa prepoznaje delove terena sa izrazitim visinskim razlikama i pokazuje kontraste u boji, zbog čega se pokazala kao jedna od najuspešnijih u analizi konfiguracije terena, strukture i urbanizma Caričinog grada. Aplikacija ArcScene prikazuje trodimenzionalne digitalne modele iz različitih uglova, a njena alatka Vertical exaggeration of terrain takođe je veoma korisna za naglašavanje blagih promena u terenu. Proces digitalne vizuelizacije je samo korak u raščitavanju i interpretaciji dobijenih podataka, čemu je posvećen preostali deo teksta u kojem je pokazano kako je primena savremene tehnologije snimanja terena iz vazduha dopunila dosadašnja saznanja o fortifikacijama iz najbližeg okruženja Caričinog grada (sl. 4, 5, 7, 8). Utvrda na brdu Sv. Ilija je smeštena neposredno uz Caričin grad, nadzirući istočni prilaz gradu i branu njegovog akumulacionog jezera. Lokalitet je sondažno iskopavan 1976. godine u organizaciji Arheološkog instituta, kada su ustanovljena dva glavna horizonta (sl. 3). Na osnovu graditeljske tehnike (opus mixtum) i pokretnih nalaza, stariji horizont je pouzdano datovan u 6. vek i, verovatno, početak 7. veka, dok pozniji pripada srednjem i novom veku. Vizuelizacija digitalnog modela reljefa, računarskim putem oslobođenog postojeće vegetacije, donela je nove podatke o utvrđenju. Osnova ove trapezoidne fortifikacije sada može lako da se sagleda i premeri. Utvrđenje je zauzimalo 0,21 ha i imalo je ugaone kule, a u digitalnom modelu se uočava i ograda paralelna sa istočnim bedemom, možda palisada, koja je štitila najlakši istočni prilaz. Skretala je ka zapadu, paralelno sa severnim bedemom, dok se zapadno od utvrde uočava prostrana platforma koju oivičavaju dva podzida. Tokom georadarskih snimanja, koja je u proleće 2015. godine izvela ekipa Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Archaeological Prospection and Virtual Archaeology iz Beča, u centralnom delu utvrđenja je otkrivena velika ranovizantijska bazilika (sl. 4). Utvrđenje Gornje gradište nalazi se u selu Svinjarici, na kilometar jugozapadno od Caričinog grada. Bilo je, a i ostalo je veoma uraslo u vegetaciju, tako da se zapažanja prethodnih istraživača uglavnom zaustavljaju na opisu četvorougaonog rova ispred utvrde i na njenom položaju na trasi akvedukta. Lidarskim snimkom je pak otkrivena šestougaona osnova fortifikacije, sastavljena od zidova dužine oko 30 m i 32 m, koja zauzima istu površinu kao i Sv. Ilija. Uz to, u digitalnom modelu, i u manjoj meri na samom terenu, uočavaju se obrisi dveju velikih građevina. Dok je jedna mogla da služi kao skladište, druga je bila crkva. Tokom obilaska lokaliteta uočili smo veliku količinu šuta od kamena, opeke i maltera. Utvrđenje je bilo opasano rovom i šančevima, što se naročito dobro vidi sa južne strane, gde je rov ukopan u stenu čiji su blokovi nakon vađenja bili ugrađivani u bedeme i, verovatno, druge objekte. Delovi severne trase bedema su, pak, teško oštećeni zemljoradnjom. Jugoistočna sekcija valuma je presečena prilaznim putem, a sa istog odsečka trasa akvedukta može lako da se prati u mikrotopografiji, sve do ugaone kule kroz koju je voda ulazila u Caričin grad. Posebna odlika Gornjeg gradišta jesu masivni zemljani "bastioni" severno i, čini se, zapadno od utvrde (sl. 5). Kulište - Jezero zauzima vrh blagog uspona na kilometar severoistočno od Caričinog grada. Sudeći po površinskim nalazima opeke i kamena, to veoma malo utvrđenje, prečnika oko 18 m, koje je u digitalnom modelu reljefa naznačeno rovovima od vađenja građe, bilo je sazidano u tehnici opus mixtum. Imalo je funkciju osmatračnice, koja je ostala sačuvana i u jednom toponimu, dok drugi naziv upućuje na vodu koja se zadržavala u plitkim depresijama nastalim vađenjem stene za izgradnju bedema, od kojih je najveća četvorougaonog oblika, površine 32 m h 16 m i dubine oko pola metra (sl. 7). Gradište u Sekicolu je podignuto na vrhu i strmim padinama brda nad Caričinskom rekom, oko 3 km severno od Caričinog grada. Utvrđenje se dosta razlikuje od prethodno opisanih. Možda potiče iz 4. veka, da bi u 6. stoleću, u doba izgradnje Justinijane Prime bilo uvećano dogradnjom dvaju spoljnih bedema. Najviša utvrda je trougaone osnove, a na terenu nije potvrđeno da je bila sazidana uz korišćenje opeke i maltera. Njena površina iznosi 0,64 ha. Prethodni istraživači su u istočnom delu te celine zabeležili crkvu, koja se naročito jasno ocrtava u digitalnom modelu, veću građevinu uz njen jugoistočni bedem, kao i slabe obrise drugih zgrada. Naša analiza je dovela do otkrića dva niza zgrada uz bedeme i brojnih građevina između njih. Po lepezastom rasporedu zgrada, posedanje ove utvrde podseća na naselje na severnom platou Caričinog grada. Srednji prsten je skoro dvostruko veći, dok je donja utvrda, pridodata na severoistočnoj strani, iste površine kao i najviša. U njenom jugoistočnom kraju nalazi se pravougaona građevina dimenzija 32 m h 16 m - možda cisterna. Ukupna površina Gradišta u Sekicolu je 2,5 ha. Ispred donjeg utvrđenja nalazi se rov, koji se u pojedinim partijama vidi samo u digitalnom modelu, dok je na terenu neprepoznatljiv (sl. 8). Sa svojim spoljnim prstenom utvrda, Caričin grad se razlikuje od drugih utvrđenja u Iliriku. Velika građevinska aktivnost u ruralnom zaleđu Sredozemne Dakije nije bila ograničena na podizanje nove metropole, već je podrazumevala i izgradnju infrastrukturnih postrojenja kao što su akvedukt i brana. Četiri ispitana utvrđenja predstavljala su deo jedinstvenog graditeljskog programa Justinijane Prime, o čemu svedoči i primenjena tehnika zidanja sa opekama i malterom. U istorijskim izvorima nema puno podataka o manjim utvrdama pokraj gradova. Veća utvrđenja, frurioni poput Gradišta u Sekicolu i Rujkovca/Radinovca, mogli su da u slučaju opasnosti prihvate trupe koje bi iz njih napadale neprijateljsku pozadinu i opsadne sprave. U to vreme, vojnici su često stanovali sa svojim porodicama. Ostala tri utvrđenja imala su različite funkcije. Kulište - Jezero bila je dobro postavljena osmatračnica, kakve su uobičajene u rimskom vojnom graditeljstvu, koja je imala vizuelnu komunikaciju sa Caričinim gradom, Sv. Ilijom i svinjaričkim Gradištem, ali ne i s većim utvrdama u Sekicolu i Rujkovcu/Radinovcu. Utvrđenja na Sv. Iliji i u Svinjarici su, poput refugijuma, mogla da zbrinu živalj u teškim vremenima. Ipak, Sv. Ilija je izvorno imao drugu namenu. Velika bazilika otkrivena prilikom georadarskih snimanja zauzimala je čak četvrtinu utvrde, a postojanje zgrada uz bedeme snaži pretpostavku da je reč o utvrđenom manastiru. Pored toga, u svom opisu Justinijane Prime Prokopije navodi da je car ovaj grad podigao pored svog rodnog sela koje je obzidao i od njega načinio kvadriburgijum, očigledno kao deo jedinstvenog graditeljskog programa. Poznati su još neki utvrđeni manastiri koji su podignuti za vlade cara Justinijana, od kojih je Sv. Iliji najsličniji onaj u Justinijani Sekundi, dotadašnjoj Ulpijani. Na to da Sv. Ilija nije predstavljao klasično vojno utvrđenje upućuje i naša analiza vidljivosti, koja pokazuje da je pogled sa te tačke veoma ograničen. Prema istoj analizi, Gornje gradište u Svinjarici je nadziralo sela i radionice u okolini grada, kao i akvedukt (sl. 11). Detaljno razrađen odbrambeni sistem Justinijane Prime sastojao se od nekoliko prstenova gradskih utvrda sa najmanje 40 kula, rovova, palisada i spoljašnjeg prstena fortifikacija, koji je obuhvatao, pre svega, ovde komentarisana utvrđenja. Odbrambena postrojenja novoustanovljene metropole i način na koji su se ona prilagodila topografiji predstavljaju izuzetan primer ranovizantijskog vojnog graditeljstva. Buduća istraživanja bi sigurno obezbedila pouzdanije podatke o njihovoj hronologiji i funkciji i tako nadogradila izuzetne rezultate lidarskih i geofizičkih snimanja, što bi doprinelo i jasnijem sagledavanju samog Caričinog grada.
AB  - The erection of a new polis, Justiniana Prima, on the site of Caričin Grad, was part of a larger engineering project in a rural hilly setting of the western areas of Dacia Mediterranea, which had also included the construction of nearby fortlets. The article presents LiDAR data which has provided new information related to their ground-plan and dimensions. Located in a 12 km² area around the metropolis, St Elias, Kulište-Jezero and Gornje Gradište in Svinjarica were LiDAR scanned in 2011, while the Sekicol fort, with its 4 km²surroundings, was subjected to the same technology in 2015. Our analysis of the outer fortifications of Justiniana Prima is based on a visualisation of the obtained digital terrain models and field observations; in the case of the St Elias fort, we also used the results of the 1976 excavations. These fortlets had manifold functions. On the one hand, they overlooked the approaches to the city and its infrastructure - Kulište-Jezero was a watchtower - and on the other, they also served as shelters for the local population - refugia. In the middle of the St Elias fort there was a large three-nave church; this may well have been a fortified monastery. Future research of these forts should provide more detailed information on their chronology and function, complement the outstanding results of the LiDAR and geophysical surveys, and contribute to a better understanding of Justiniana Prima itself.
PB  - Arheološki institut, Beograd
T2  - Starinar
T1  - Spoljašnja utvrđenja caričinog grada - vizuelizacija i interpretacija digitalnih modela relje
T1  - The outer forts of Caričin grad: Visualisation of digital terrain models and interpretation
EP  - 317
IS  - 69
SP  - 297
DO  - 10.2298/STa1969297i
ER  - 
@article{
author = "Ivanišević, Vujadin and Bugarski, Ivan and Stamenković, Aleksandar",
year = "2019",
abstract = "Istraživanja Caričinog grada otpočeta su pre više od jednog stoleća. Pažnja stručnjaka je, iz sasvim razumljivih razloga, pre svega bila usmerena na istraživanja grada, dok su okolna utvrđenja izazivala znatno manje pažnje (sl. 1, 2). Kad je reč o samim iskopavanjima, isto je i danas, ali je primena savremenih metoda arheološke prospekcije i detekcije sa zemlje i iz vazduha, naročito zastupljena u poslednjih desetak godina i praćena terenskom proverom dobijenih podataka, dovela i do važnih saznanja o okolini metropole Severnog Ilirika. U članku se komentarišu objavljena zapažanja prethodnih istraživača - Deroka, Radojčića, Nenadovića, Kondića i Popovića - u svetlu novih podataka. Lidarska snimanja širih zona nalazišta uvedena su u srpsku arheologiju početkom ove decenije, u sklopu učešća Arheološkog instituta u međunarodnom projektu ArchaeoLandscapes Europe. Među prvim skeniranim lokalitetima bio je upravo Caričin grad, sa odličnim rezultatima koje su pratile preliminarne publikacije. Zonom lidarskog snimanja od 12 km² iz 2011. godine, osim samog Caričinog grada, bio je obuhvaćen i deo trase akvedukta, ali i obližnje utvrde Sv. Ilija, Gornje gradište u Svinjarici i Kulište - Jezero. Godine 2015. izvršeno je snimanje prostora površine 4 km² oko utvrđenja u Sekicolu. Iako su i prethodno dobijeni laserski modeli reljefa bez vegetacije bili više nego dovoljni za plodotvornu analizu, u međuvremenu je omogućeno poboljšanje parametara snimanja, pa su ona iz 2015. godine beležila čak 40 tačaka po kvadratnom metru - dvostruko više nego skeniranje terena iz 2011. godine, uz više kontrolnih trajektorija i smanjenu brzinu i visinu leta (tabela 1). Rad na vizuelizaciji dobijenih trodimenzionalnih modela terena odvijao se uz korišćenje različitih tehnika - od standardnih, poput pravljenja dvodimenzionalnih toplotnih mapa pomoću alatke Heatmap u programu QGIS, interpolacije izohipsi (Contour Extraction) i senčenja (hill-shading), do rada u naprednim slobodno dostupnim softverima kao što su Relief Visualisation Toolbox (RVT) i RTIViewer. Funkcija Focal Statistics iz ArcGIS paketa prepoznaje delove terena sa izrazitim visinskim razlikama i pokazuje kontraste u boji, zbog čega se pokazala kao jedna od najuspešnijih u analizi konfiguracije terena, strukture i urbanizma Caričinog grada. Aplikacija ArcScene prikazuje trodimenzionalne digitalne modele iz različitih uglova, a njena alatka Vertical exaggeration of terrain takođe je veoma korisna za naglašavanje blagih promena u terenu. Proces digitalne vizuelizacije je samo korak u raščitavanju i interpretaciji dobijenih podataka, čemu je posvećen preostali deo teksta u kojem je pokazano kako je primena savremene tehnologije snimanja terena iz vazduha dopunila dosadašnja saznanja o fortifikacijama iz najbližeg okruženja Caričinog grada (sl. 4, 5, 7, 8). Utvrda na brdu Sv. Ilija je smeštena neposredno uz Caričin grad, nadzirući istočni prilaz gradu i branu njegovog akumulacionog jezera. Lokalitet je sondažno iskopavan 1976. godine u organizaciji Arheološkog instituta, kada su ustanovljena dva glavna horizonta (sl. 3). Na osnovu graditeljske tehnike (opus mixtum) i pokretnih nalaza, stariji horizont je pouzdano datovan u 6. vek i, verovatno, početak 7. veka, dok pozniji pripada srednjem i novom veku. Vizuelizacija digitalnog modela reljefa, računarskim putem oslobođenog postojeće vegetacije, donela je nove podatke o utvrđenju. Osnova ove trapezoidne fortifikacije sada može lako da se sagleda i premeri. Utvrđenje je zauzimalo 0,21 ha i imalo je ugaone kule, a u digitalnom modelu se uočava i ograda paralelna sa istočnim bedemom, možda palisada, koja je štitila najlakši istočni prilaz. Skretala je ka zapadu, paralelno sa severnim bedemom, dok se zapadno od utvrde uočava prostrana platforma koju oivičavaju dva podzida. Tokom georadarskih snimanja, koja je u proleće 2015. godine izvela ekipa Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Archaeological Prospection and Virtual Archaeology iz Beča, u centralnom delu utvrđenja je otkrivena velika ranovizantijska bazilika (sl. 4). Utvrđenje Gornje gradište nalazi se u selu Svinjarici, na kilometar jugozapadno od Caričinog grada. Bilo je, a i ostalo je veoma uraslo u vegetaciju, tako da se zapažanja prethodnih istraživača uglavnom zaustavljaju na opisu četvorougaonog rova ispred utvrde i na njenom položaju na trasi akvedukta. Lidarskim snimkom je pak otkrivena šestougaona osnova fortifikacije, sastavljena od zidova dužine oko 30 m i 32 m, koja zauzima istu površinu kao i Sv. Ilija. Uz to, u digitalnom modelu, i u manjoj meri na samom terenu, uočavaju se obrisi dveju velikih građevina. Dok je jedna mogla da služi kao skladište, druga je bila crkva. Tokom obilaska lokaliteta uočili smo veliku količinu šuta od kamena, opeke i maltera. Utvrđenje je bilo opasano rovom i šančevima, što se naročito dobro vidi sa južne strane, gde je rov ukopan u stenu čiji su blokovi nakon vađenja bili ugrađivani u bedeme i, verovatno, druge objekte. Delovi severne trase bedema su, pak, teško oštećeni zemljoradnjom. Jugoistočna sekcija valuma je presečena prilaznim putem, a sa istog odsečka trasa akvedukta može lako da se prati u mikrotopografiji, sve do ugaone kule kroz koju je voda ulazila u Caričin grad. Posebna odlika Gornjeg gradišta jesu masivni zemljani "bastioni" severno i, čini se, zapadno od utvrde (sl. 5). Kulište - Jezero zauzima vrh blagog uspona na kilometar severoistočno od Caričinog grada. Sudeći po površinskim nalazima opeke i kamena, to veoma malo utvrđenje, prečnika oko 18 m, koje je u digitalnom modelu reljefa naznačeno rovovima od vađenja građe, bilo je sazidano u tehnici opus mixtum. Imalo je funkciju osmatračnice, koja je ostala sačuvana i u jednom toponimu, dok drugi naziv upućuje na vodu koja se zadržavala u plitkim depresijama nastalim vađenjem stene za izgradnju bedema, od kojih je najveća četvorougaonog oblika, površine 32 m h 16 m i dubine oko pola metra (sl. 7). Gradište u Sekicolu je podignuto na vrhu i strmim padinama brda nad Caričinskom rekom, oko 3 km severno od Caričinog grada. Utvrđenje se dosta razlikuje od prethodno opisanih. Možda potiče iz 4. veka, da bi u 6. stoleću, u doba izgradnje Justinijane Prime bilo uvećano dogradnjom dvaju spoljnih bedema. Najviša utvrda je trougaone osnove, a na terenu nije potvrđeno da je bila sazidana uz korišćenje opeke i maltera. Njena površina iznosi 0,64 ha. Prethodni istraživači su u istočnom delu te celine zabeležili crkvu, koja se naročito jasno ocrtava u digitalnom modelu, veću građevinu uz njen jugoistočni bedem, kao i slabe obrise drugih zgrada. Naša analiza je dovela do otkrića dva niza zgrada uz bedeme i brojnih građevina između njih. Po lepezastom rasporedu zgrada, posedanje ove utvrde podseća na naselje na severnom platou Caričinog grada. Srednji prsten je skoro dvostruko veći, dok je donja utvrda, pridodata na severoistočnoj strani, iste površine kao i najviša. U njenom jugoistočnom kraju nalazi se pravougaona građevina dimenzija 32 m h 16 m - možda cisterna. Ukupna površina Gradišta u Sekicolu je 2,5 ha. Ispred donjeg utvrđenja nalazi se rov, koji se u pojedinim partijama vidi samo u digitalnom modelu, dok je na terenu neprepoznatljiv (sl. 8). Sa svojim spoljnim prstenom utvrda, Caričin grad se razlikuje od drugih utvrđenja u Iliriku. Velika građevinska aktivnost u ruralnom zaleđu Sredozemne Dakije nije bila ograničena na podizanje nove metropole, već je podrazumevala i izgradnju infrastrukturnih postrojenja kao što su akvedukt i brana. Četiri ispitana utvrđenja predstavljala su deo jedinstvenog graditeljskog programa Justinijane Prime, o čemu svedoči i primenjena tehnika zidanja sa opekama i malterom. U istorijskim izvorima nema puno podataka o manjim utvrdama pokraj gradova. Veća utvrđenja, frurioni poput Gradišta u Sekicolu i Rujkovca/Radinovca, mogli su da u slučaju opasnosti prihvate trupe koje bi iz njih napadale neprijateljsku pozadinu i opsadne sprave. U to vreme, vojnici su često stanovali sa svojim porodicama. Ostala tri utvrđenja imala su različite funkcije. Kulište - Jezero bila je dobro postavljena osmatračnica, kakve su uobičajene u rimskom vojnom graditeljstvu, koja je imala vizuelnu komunikaciju sa Caričinim gradom, Sv. Ilijom i svinjaričkim Gradištem, ali ne i s većim utvrdama u Sekicolu i Rujkovcu/Radinovcu. Utvrđenja na Sv. Iliji i u Svinjarici su, poput refugijuma, mogla da zbrinu živalj u teškim vremenima. Ipak, Sv. Ilija je izvorno imao drugu namenu. Velika bazilika otkrivena prilikom georadarskih snimanja zauzimala je čak četvrtinu utvrde, a postojanje zgrada uz bedeme snaži pretpostavku da je reč o utvrđenom manastiru. Pored toga, u svom opisu Justinijane Prime Prokopije navodi da je car ovaj grad podigao pored svog rodnog sela koje je obzidao i od njega načinio kvadriburgijum, očigledno kao deo jedinstvenog graditeljskog programa. Poznati su još neki utvrđeni manastiri koji su podignuti za vlade cara Justinijana, od kojih je Sv. Iliji najsličniji onaj u Justinijani Sekundi, dotadašnjoj Ulpijani. Na to da Sv. Ilija nije predstavljao klasično vojno utvrđenje upućuje i naša analiza vidljivosti, koja pokazuje da je pogled sa te tačke veoma ograničen. Prema istoj analizi, Gornje gradište u Svinjarici je nadziralo sela i radionice u okolini grada, kao i akvedukt (sl. 11). Detaljno razrađen odbrambeni sistem Justinijane Prime sastojao se od nekoliko prstenova gradskih utvrda sa najmanje 40 kula, rovova, palisada i spoljašnjeg prstena fortifikacija, koji je obuhvatao, pre svega, ovde komentarisana utvrđenja. Odbrambena postrojenja novoustanovljene metropole i način na koji su se ona prilagodila topografiji predstavljaju izuzetan primer ranovizantijskog vojnog graditeljstva. Buduća istraživanja bi sigurno obezbedila pouzdanije podatke o njihovoj hronologiji i funkciji i tako nadogradila izuzetne rezultate lidarskih i geofizičkih snimanja, što bi doprinelo i jasnijem sagledavanju samog Caričinog grada., The erection of a new polis, Justiniana Prima, on the site of Caričin Grad, was part of a larger engineering project in a rural hilly setting of the western areas of Dacia Mediterranea, which had also included the construction of nearby fortlets. The article presents LiDAR data which has provided new information related to their ground-plan and dimensions. Located in a 12 km² area around the metropolis, St Elias, Kulište-Jezero and Gornje Gradište in Svinjarica were LiDAR scanned in 2011, while the Sekicol fort, with its 4 km²surroundings, was subjected to the same technology in 2015. Our analysis of the outer fortifications of Justiniana Prima is based on a visualisation of the obtained digital terrain models and field observations; in the case of the St Elias fort, we also used the results of the 1976 excavations. These fortlets had manifold functions. On the one hand, they overlooked the approaches to the city and its infrastructure - Kulište-Jezero was a watchtower - and on the other, they also served as shelters for the local population - refugia. In the middle of the St Elias fort there was a large three-nave church; this may well have been a fortified monastery. Future research of these forts should provide more detailed information on their chronology and function, complement the outstanding results of the LiDAR and geophysical surveys, and contribute to a better understanding of Justiniana Prima itself.",
publisher = "Arheološki institut, Beograd",
journal = "Starinar",
title = "Spoljašnja utvrđenja caričinog grada - vizuelizacija i interpretacija digitalnih modela relje, The outer forts of Caričin grad: Visualisation of digital terrain models and interpretation",
pages = "317-297",
number = "69",
doi = "10.2298/STa1969297i"
}
Ivanišević, V., Bugarski, I.,& Stamenković, A.. (2019). Spoljašnja utvrđenja caričinog grada - vizuelizacija i interpretacija digitalnih modela relje. in Starinar
Arheološki institut, Beograd.(69), 297-317.
https://doi.org/10.2298/STa1969297i
Ivanišević V, Bugarski I, Stamenković A. Spoljašnja utvrđenja caričinog grada - vizuelizacija i interpretacija digitalnih modela relje. in Starinar. 2019;(69):297-317.
doi:10.2298/STa1969297i .
Ivanišević, Vujadin, Bugarski, Ivan, Stamenković, Aleksandar, "Spoljašnja utvrđenja caričinog grada - vizuelizacija i interpretacija digitalnih modela relje" in Starinar, no. 69 (2019):297-317,
https://doi.org/10.2298/STa1969297i . .

Rekognosciranja šire okoline Caričinog grada u 2016. godini

Bugarski, Ivan; Dotterweich, Markus; Ivanišević, Vujadin; Maass, Alexander; Röhl, Constanze; Schreg, Rainer; Stamenković, Aleksandar; Yalçin, Ünsal

(Beograd : Arheološki institut, 2018)

TY  - JOUR
AU  - Bugarski, Ivan
AU  - Dotterweich, Markus
AU  - Ivanišević, Vujadin
AU  - Maass, Alexander
AU  - Röhl, Constanze
AU  - Schreg, Rainer
AU  - Stamenković, Aleksandar
AU  - Yalçin, Ünsal
PY  - 2018
UR  - http://rai.ai.ac.rs/handle/123456789/460
AB  - Rekognosciranjima okoline Caričinog grada redovno se pristupa od proleća 2012. godine,
nakon što je u lidarskom 3D modelu terena, koji je pribavljen u okviru učešća Arheološkog instituta
u međunarodnom projektu ArchaeoLandscapes Europe, dobijen niz novih podaka o gradu
i okolini (Иванишевић, Бугарски 2013: 82–84). Program lidarskih snimanja ovog kraja je dopunjavan
tokom godina, a terenska evaluacija podataka se najviše odnosila na obilazak snimljenih
ranovizantijskih utvrda i, naročito, akvedukta Caričinog grada (Иванишевић 2012). Veoma
precizan lidarski model terena bez vegetacije pruža i obilje relevantnih podataka za stručnjake
drugih profila, pa je korišćen i tokom sprovođenja dva programa multidisciplinarnih ispitivanja
okoline Caričinog grada koja se izvode u okviru srpsko-francusko-nemačkog projekta istraživanja
(cf. Иванишевић, Бугарски 2017: 58–60).2 U daljem tekstu ćemo bliže opisati tok i preliminarne
rezultate rekognosciranja rudarskih radova u daljoj okolini Caričinog grada i geoloških
mikrorekognosciranja bližeg okruženja nalazišta.
PB  - Beograd : Arheološki institut
T2  - Arheologija u Srbiji : projekti Arheološkog instituta u 2016. godini
T1  - Rekognosciranja šire okoline Caričinog grada u 2016. godini
EP  - 116
SP  - 107
UR  - https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_rai_460
ER  - 
@article{
author = "Bugarski, Ivan and Dotterweich, Markus and Ivanišević, Vujadin and Maass, Alexander and Röhl, Constanze and Schreg, Rainer and Stamenković, Aleksandar and Yalçin, Ünsal",
year = "2018",
abstract = "Rekognosciranjima okoline Caričinog grada redovno se pristupa od proleća 2012. godine,
nakon što je u lidarskom 3D modelu terena, koji je pribavljen u okviru učešća Arheološkog instituta
u međunarodnom projektu ArchaeoLandscapes Europe, dobijen niz novih podaka o gradu
i okolini (Иванишевић, Бугарски 2013: 82–84). Program lidarskih snimanja ovog kraja je dopunjavan
tokom godina, a terenska evaluacija podataka se najviše odnosila na obilazak snimljenih
ranovizantijskih utvrda i, naročito, akvedukta Caričinog grada (Иванишевић 2012). Veoma
precizan lidarski model terena bez vegetacije pruža i obilje relevantnih podataka za stručnjake
drugih profila, pa je korišćen i tokom sprovođenja dva programa multidisciplinarnih ispitivanja
okoline Caričinog grada koja se izvode u okviru srpsko-francusko-nemačkog projekta istraživanja
(cf. Иванишевић, Бугарски 2017: 58–60).2 U daljem tekstu ćemo bliže opisati tok i preliminarne
rezultate rekognosciranja rudarskih radova u daljoj okolini Caričinog grada i geoloških
mikrorekognosciranja bližeg okruženja nalazišta.",
publisher = "Beograd : Arheološki institut",
journal = "Arheologija u Srbiji : projekti Arheološkog instituta u 2016. godini",
title = "Rekognosciranja šire okoline Caričinog grada u 2016. godini",
pages = "116-107",
url = "https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_rai_460"
}
Bugarski, I., Dotterweich, M., Ivanišević, V., Maass, A., Röhl, C., Schreg, R., Stamenković, A.,& Yalçin, Ü.. (2018). Rekognosciranja šire okoline Caričinog grada u 2016. godini. in Arheologija u Srbiji : projekti Arheološkog instituta u 2016. godini
Beograd : Arheološki institut., 107-116.
https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_rai_460
Bugarski I, Dotterweich M, Ivanišević V, Maass A, Röhl C, Schreg R, Stamenković A, Yalçin Ü. Rekognosciranja šire okoline Caričinog grada u 2016. godini. in Arheologija u Srbiji : projekti Arheološkog instituta u 2016. godini. 2018;:107-116.
https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_rai_460 .
Bugarski, Ivan, Dotterweich, Markus, Ivanišević, Vujadin, Maass, Alexander, Röhl, Constanze, Schreg, Rainer, Stamenković, Aleksandar, Yalçin, Ünsal, "Rekognosciranja šire okoline Caričinog grada u 2016. godini" in Arheologija u Srbiji : projekti Arheološkog instituta u 2016. godini (2018):107-116,
https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_rai_460 .

Primena istorijsko-arheološkog geografskog informacionog sistema u istraživanjima Caričinog grada i okoline

Ivanišević, Vujadin; Bugarski, Ivan; Stamenković, Aleksandar

(Zavod za zaštitu spomenika kulture Srbije, Beograd, 2018)

TY  - JOUR
AU  - Ivanišević, Vujadin
AU  - Bugarski, Ivan
AU  - Stamenković, Aleksandar
PY  - 2018
UR  - http://rai.ai.ac.rs/handle/123456789/275
AB  - U radu se opisuje struktura istorijsko-arheološkog geografskog informacionog sistema u koji se pohranjuju podaci sa istraživanja Caričinog grada i njegove šire okoline. IAGIS Caričinog grada sadrži veoma brojne podatke, koji potiču sa starih i novih istraživanja, pri čemu se stari podaci -aero-fotografije, situacioni planovi, osnove istraženih objekata i prostorni raspored pokretnih arheoloških nalazaprevode u jedinstveni koordinatni sistem i tako postaju podložni raznovrsnim analizama u kreiranom geografskom prostoru baze. Analize omogućavaju kako izradu novih i znatno potpunijih situacionih planova lokaliteta, tako i uže određenje njegovih hronoloških faza. Na širem planu, rad u našoj bazi pospešuje analize naseljavanja i korišćenja prostora Leskovačke kotline ne samo u vreme života Justinijane Prime već i u prethodnim i kasnijim epohama. Osim opisa građe koja je uključena u bazu i sažeto predstavljenih rezultata dela dosadašnjih analiza, u članku se nagoveštavaju i osnovni pravci budućeg razvoja IAGIS-a Caričinog grada.
AB  - The syntagms Historical Geographic Information System (historical GIS, HGIS) and Archaeological Geographic Information System (archaeological GIS, AGIS) denote specific GIS databases on historical landscapes, events and changes, and on archaeological monuments and sites. Within their environment, data can be arranged, integrated and displayed in new, significantly faster and easier ways than the traditional ones. Because of the possibility of cross-referencing data of different nature, these databases do not constitute mere clusters of separate types of information, but a rather suitable tool for carrying out different analyses. The database developed within the scope of the Caričin Grad Project was set up in 2011 on the basis of the materials collected and digitalised over a longer period of time. Depending on the course of research, the interests of the scholars involved and the topics of several international inter-disciplinary projects, it contains both broader historical and more narrowly relevant archaeological data. Along with the abundant cartographic materials, in order to understand the diachronic settlement processes in the wider region of the Leskovac basin, our database maps prehistoric, Roman and medieval sites; these last ones on the basis of both archaeological finds and written sources. The other components of the Caričin Grad database mostly are usually of a strictly archaeological character. Still, primarily because of the detailed mapping and the systematic application of modern sensing and detection methods - mainly the LIDAR and geophysical surveys - an increasingly clearer picture is emerging of the historical landscape of the 6th century and the surroundings of Justiniana Prima. Therefore, our database may be considered an extended AGIS database, that is, the HAGIS database. It is noteworthy that the syntagm historical-archaeological geographic information system(s) is actually rather new. As far as we know, it has been mentioned in this form only in the context of mapping heterogeneous sources, written and archaeological, within the scope of a Russian GIS database. Our integrated historical-archaeological geographic information system has been established to store all available materials, from the first records of the site to contemporary satellite images. The basic task was to create a complex database of maps, satellite and LIDAR images, digital terrain models, aerial photographs, orthophotographs, geophysical and archaeological plans, field sketches, theodolite and GPS measurements from the excavations and field surveys, etc., and their translation into a unique coordinate system. The HAGIS for Caričin Grad has been designed within a QGIS platform. To successfully use the databases in the GIS, they must be precisely oriented and therefore one of the most important steps is to translate the data into a single coordinate system and projection. In our case, we have adopted a new reference system ETRS89 and the UTM projection. By combining the data in the geographic information system and using different tools within the software packages it is possible to carry out numerous spatial and statistical analyses. The application of these systems has enabled visualisation, analysis and interpretation both of the ground plan of Caričin Grad and its broader environs, and of small archaeological finds. The GIS tools allow us to carry out complex statistical analyses, as well as simple visual presentations of the distribution maps. On the basis of the data, to which we have ascribed certain attributes, it is possible to monitor changes in the landscape, population movements, their relation with the environment and to track anthropogenic changes in different periods. We have focused part of our explorations of Caričin Grad and its broader environs on recognising and studying settlement patterns and on creating settlement models for different periods. With the data at our disposal, it is possible to recognise settlement patterns within the GIS, their location and spatial logic, distribution models, as well as the features of individual sites. Along with this, it is possible to reconstruct the social-economic connections, similarities and differences in particular micro-regions, and to create threedimensional models which improve visualisation and presentation of all materials. Through further processing, our HAGIS database will fully develop into a spatial-temporal, 4D GIS database.
PB  - Zavod za zaštitu spomenika kulture Srbije, Beograd
T2  - Saopštenja, Republički zavod za zaštitu spomenika kulture
T1  - Primena istorijsko-arheološkog geografskog informacionog sistema u istraživanjima Caričinog grada i okoline
T1  - Application of historical-archaeological geographic information system in the research of Caričin grad and its environs
EP  - 279
IS  - 50
SP  - 259
UR  - https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_rai_275
ER  - 
@article{
author = "Ivanišević, Vujadin and Bugarski, Ivan and Stamenković, Aleksandar",
year = "2018",
abstract = "U radu se opisuje struktura istorijsko-arheološkog geografskog informacionog sistema u koji se pohranjuju podaci sa istraživanja Caričinog grada i njegove šire okoline. IAGIS Caričinog grada sadrži veoma brojne podatke, koji potiču sa starih i novih istraživanja, pri čemu se stari podaci -aero-fotografije, situacioni planovi, osnove istraženih objekata i prostorni raspored pokretnih arheoloških nalazaprevode u jedinstveni koordinatni sistem i tako postaju podložni raznovrsnim analizama u kreiranom geografskom prostoru baze. Analize omogućavaju kako izradu novih i znatno potpunijih situacionih planova lokaliteta, tako i uže određenje njegovih hronoloških faza. Na širem planu, rad u našoj bazi pospešuje analize naseljavanja i korišćenja prostora Leskovačke kotline ne samo u vreme života Justinijane Prime već i u prethodnim i kasnijim epohama. Osim opisa građe koja je uključena u bazu i sažeto predstavljenih rezultata dela dosadašnjih analiza, u članku se nagoveštavaju i osnovni pravci budućeg razvoja IAGIS-a Caričinog grada., The syntagms Historical Geographic Information System (historical GIS, HGIS) and Archaeological Geographic Information System (archaeological GIS, AGIS) denote specific GIS databases on historical landscapes, events and changes, and on archaeological monuments and sites. Within their environment, data can be arranged, integrated and displayed in new, significantly faster and easier ways than the traditional ones. Because of the possibility of cross-referencing data of different nature, these databases do not constitute mere clusters of separate types of information, but a rather suitable tool for carrying out different analyses. The database developed within the scope of the Caričin Grad Project was set up in 2011 on the basis of the materials collected and digitalised over a longer period of time. Depending on the course of research, the interests of the scholars involved and the topics of several international inter-disciplinary projects, it contains both broader historical and more narrowly relevant archaeological data. Along with the abundant cartographic materials, in order to understand the diachronic settlement processes in the wider region of the Leskovac basin, our database maps prehistoric, Roman and medieval sites; these last ones on the basis of both archaeological finds and written sources. The other components of the Caričin Grad database mostly are usually of a strictly archaeological character. Still, primarily because of the detailed mapping and the systematic application of modern sensing and detection methods - mainly the LIDAR and geophysical surveys - an increasingly clearer picture is emerging of the historical landscape of the 6th century and the surroundings of Justiniana Prima. Therefore, our database may be considered an extended AGIS database, that is, the HAGIS database. It is noteworthy that the syntagm historical-archaeological geographic information system(s) is actually rather new. As far as we know, it has been mentioned in this form only in the context of mapping heterogeneous sources, written and archaeological, within the scope of a Russian GIS database. Our integrated historical-archaeological geographic information system has been established to store all available materials, from the first records of the site to contemporary satellite images. The basic task was to create a complex database of maps, satellite and LIDAR images, digital terrain models, aerial photographs, orthophotographs, geophysical and archaeological plans, field sketches, theodolite and GPS measurements from the excavations and field surveys, etc., and their translation into a unique coordinate system. The HAGIS for Caričin Grad has been designed within a QGIS platform. To successfully use the databases in the GIS, they must be precisely oriented and therefore one of the most important steps is to translate the data into a single coordinate system and projection. In our case, we have adopted a new reference system ETRS89 and the UTM projection. By combining the data in the geographic information system and using different tools within the software packages it is possible to carry out numerous spatial and statistical analyses. The application of these systems has enabled visualisation, analysis and interpretation both of the ground plan of Caričin Grad and its broader environs, and of small archaeological finds. The GIS tools allow us to carry out complex statistical analyses, as well as simple visual presentations of the distribution maps. On the basis of the data, to which we have ascribed certain attributes, it is possible to monitor changes in the landscape, population movements, their relation with the environment and to track anthropogenic changes in different periods. We have focused part of our explorations of Caričin Grad and its broader environs on recognising and studying settlement patterns and on creating settlement models for different periods. With the data at our disposal, it is possible to recognise settlement patterns within the GIS, their location and spatial logic, distribution models, as well as the features of individual sites. Along with this, it is possible to reconstruct the social-economic connections, similarities and differences in particular micro-regions, and to create threedimensional models which improve visualisation and presentation of all materials. Through further processing, our HAGIS database will fully develop into a spatial-temporal, 4D GIS database.",
publisher = "Zavod za zaštitu spomenika kulture Srbije, Beograd",
journal = "Saopštenja, Republički zavod za zaštitu spomenika kulture",
title = "Primena istorijsko-arheološkog geografskog informacionog sistema u istraživanjima Caričinog grada i okoline, Application of historical-archaeological geographic information system in the research of Caričin grad and its environs",
pages = "279-259",
number = "50",
url = "https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_rai_275"
}
Ivanišević, V., Bugarski, I.,& Stamenković, A.. (2018). Primena istorijsko-arheološkog geografskog informacionog sistema u istraživanjima Caričinog grada i okoline. in Saopštenja, Republički zavod za zaštitu spomenika kulture
Zavod za zaštitu spomenika kulture Srbije, Beograd.(50), 259-279.
https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_rai_275
Ivanišević V, Bugarski I, Stamenković A. Primena istorijsko-arheološkog geografskog informacionog sistema u istraživanjima Caričinog grada i okoline. in Saopštenja, Republički zavod za zaštitu spomenika kulture. 2018;(50):259-279.
https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_rai_275 .
Ivanišević, Vujadin, Bugarski, Ivan, Stamenković, Aleksandar, "Primena istorijsko-arheološkog geografskog informacionog sistema u istraživanjima Caričinog grada i okoline" in Saopštenja, Republički zavod za zaštitu spomenika kulture, no. 50 (2018):259-279,
https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_rai_275 .

New insights into urban planning of Caričin Grad: The application of modern sensing and detection methods

Ivanišević, Vujadin; Bugarski, Ivan; Stamenković, Aleksandar

(Arheološki institut, Beograd, 2016)

TY  - JOUR
AU  - Ivanišević, Vujadin
AU  - Bugarski, Ivan
AU  - Stamenković, Aleksandar
PY  - 2016
UR  - http://rai.ai.ac.rs/handle/123456789/248
AB  - Caričin Grad, Justiniana Prima, urban planning, fortification, settlement,
   aerial photography, geophysical surveys, LiDAR, photogrammetry, excavations,
   GIS. Thanks to the application of modern non-destructive sensing and
   detection methods, in recent years a series of new data on urban planning in
   Caričin Grad was obtained. For the most part, the current research programme
   studies the Upper Town’s northern plateau, wooded until recently and hence
   the only previously unexplored unit of the city. In the course of this
   programme, the classical research method - the excavations started in 2009 -
   is for the first time combined with the systematic application of airborne
   and terrestrial sensing and detection techniques. The analysis of historic
   aerial photographs and topographic plans proved to be very useful as well.
   Along with them, LiDAR-derived DTMs, photogrammetric DEMs, different
   geophysical and orthophotographic plans are stored in the GIS database for
   Caričin Grad and the Leskovac Basin. In this way almost 80 percent of the
   plateau area was defined, and the obtained plan is hypothetical only to a
   small extent, which particularly refers to the unexcavated northern rampart
   of the Upper Town. Each source provided relevant information for the
   reconstruction of both the rampart and the settlement, which points to the
   value of a holistic approach to documentation from various dates. The first
   source to be studied were archival aerial photographs of Caričin Grad from
   1938 and 1947 (Figs. 1, 2.1). The latter one was originally processed by
   Aleksandar Deroko and Svetozar Radojči}, who drew the plan of the town after
   it, labelling the unexplored Upper Town’s northern plateau as “a probable
   habitation area”. The route of the northern rampart was aslo rather precisely
   determined by the authors (Fig. 2.2). Recently, these photographs were
   rectified and georeferenced in the GIS. The 1938 shot reveals the position of
   some towers as well, and it is also indicative of the way of construction of
   certain buildings. From the spatial layout of whitish zones, originating from
   mortar scattered along the slope, it can be deduced which buildings were
   constructed in opus mixtum - the horreum and the so-called Building with
   Pillars east of it. Traces of mortar can be observed along the route of the
   rampart too. These archival images are particularly important because they
   record the topography of the site before it was filled with heaps of earth
   from the excavations. The topographic mappings of this area were conducted in
   1981 and 2006 (Fig. 3). The first plan was drawn after an airborne
   stereophotogrammetric survey of Caričin Grad, and in 2006, after the wood was
   cut down, this whole area was surveyed with the total station, with a density
   of nine points per square meter. This survey also resulted in a 3D terrain
   model (Fig. 3.2) indicating the layout of the buildings, which was to be
   proved by geophysical surveys and archaeological excavations. In the course
   of the Serbian-French reaearch programme, in 2007 geomagnetic surveys were
   carried out by Alain Kermorvan of the University of Tours. Thanks to the
   application of this method the remains of collapsed stone structures could be
   observed, and in 2015, in cooperation with the Roman-Germanic Central Museum,
   Mainz, and the Ludwig Boltzmann Institute from Vienna, the middle and eastern
   parts of the plateau were scanned with GPR (Fig. 4.2). Precise plans of the
   buildings were obtained in the areas in which LiDAR scanning and
   photogrammetric and geomagnetic surveys failed to produce clear images.
   Within the framework of the ArchaeoLandscapes Europe project, in 2011 we
   managed to organise an airborne LiDAR survey of the wider area of Caričin
   Grad. With its density of some 20 points per square meter, this scanning
   proved to be crucial for our comprehension of the town. The standard DTM
   provided numerous important data, especially its version calculated in the
   focal statistics function of the ArcGIS software package (Fig. 5. 1-2). These
   models show not only the route of the Upper Town’s northern rampart, the
   position of its towers and the layout of the buildings, but also the line of
   the Outer Town’s western rampart. Visible only in the DTM, this entirely new
   aspect of the Caričin Grad fortification has been attested by the
   excavations. Highly important plans of the town, and of the northern plateau
   of the Upper Town in particular, were obtained by UAV photogrammetric
   surveys. The first drone survey was conducted in 2014 within the scope of the
   same project. It resulted in a cloud with up to 1,600 points per square meter
   (Fig. 6.1-2). Unlike the LiDAR technology, photogrammetry cannot penetrate
   vegetation; therefore the preliminary clearing of the ground proved to be a
   most important step. After the 2015 campaign was finished, the excavation
   area in the Upper Town was documented again in the same manner. Regular
   photogrammetric surveys make possible the control of the works and reliable
   visual monitoring of the progress of exploration (Fig. 9). After the wood was
   cut down in 2006 and enormous heaps of earth from twentieth-century
   excavations and restoration works were carefully removed by machinery in 2008
   and 2010, without disturbing the original layers of debris, wide excavations
   could begin. At first only the humus layer was removed from fifteen-meter
   squares, which was followed by technical drawing. In 2009 and 2010 we did not
   explore the debris or the cultural layers (Fig. 7.1-2). The additional two
   squares were opened and documented in the same fashion in 2011, when
   previously recorded buildings 11 and 15C were explored in detail, together
   with the part of the corridor between them where a bread oven was found.
   These buildings were oriented south-north, cascading along the mild slope
   towards the northern rampart of the Upper Town. Fragments of pithoi and
   carbonised fruits were found in the buildings, allowing for an economic
   interpretation. Judging by coinfinds, the buildings ended in fire after the
   year 602. Some of the buildings on the northern plateau were oriented
   differently, following the route of the northern rampart of the Acropolis in
   the east-west direction. In 2012 building 18 was excavated, leaning on the
   rampart. Rectangular in plan and some 12 by 7.5 meters large, it had a storey
   and a 7 by 5.5 meters spacious paved atrium in the west. Parallel to building
   18 is building 20, the only one on the northern plateau constructed in opus
   mixtum. The two buildings are separated by a four-meter-wide street, running
   from east to west. This street, corridor 4, was partly cut in the rock. In
   some sections it had a substructure of fragmented debris. Building 20 has
   been carefully excavated for several years now. After the initial
   documenting, the surface layer of debris was removed, but not the collapsed
   structures with characteristic construction details; to the east of the
   building a collapsed wall was uncovered, containing as many as eight
   successive rows of stone and brick. Beneath these layers are the occupation
   ones, so far investigated only to a small extent. Building 20 is rectangular
   in plan, covering 25 by 12.5 meters. In its central axis there is a row of
   masonry pillars, dividing the building into two naves. On its western side
   there was a vestibule with a pair of doors matching the main entrances to the
   building. In the back of the vestibule, between these entrances and in axis
   with the pillars, there was a staircase. Adetailed analysis of these features
   led us to conclude that building 20 was a horreum, the first such edifice to
   be discovered in Caričin Grad. Taking into account the details of its ground
   plan, pillars, parts of collapsed walls and especially arches, it will be
   possible to reconstruct the original form of the horreum. Judging by the
   existing estimate, although somewhat rough, it was 13.5 meters high. It could
   be observed that in its later phases the horreum was partitioned into several
   rooms, and some of its entrances were walled up. In the vestibule only these
   later occupation phases were documented, as the original brick pavement was
   removed from its northern part. This was followed by a significant
   accumulation of cultural layers, which were sealed by the debris stratum.
   South of the horreum there is a spacious courtyard connected with the western
   street of the Upper Town. The Upper Town’s northern rampart has never been
   graphically reconstructed, despite the fact that Aleksandar Deroko and
   Svetozar Radojči} published its accurate (although schematic) ground plan as
   early as 1950 (Fig. 2.2). This part of the town has gradually been left out
   of the research focus, mainly due to the vegetation growth. Upon employing
   all the methods described above, however, it is possible to undertake such an
   effort. The ideal reconstruction suggested here includes the rampart route,
   the disposition and the form of the towers, and the possible locations of the
   posterns. The line of the rampart can be traced following the trenches left
   by the locals dismantling the walls. Only the section of the northwestern
   rampart in front of the western postern of the Acropolis cannot be presented,
   being still covered by massive earth deposits. On the other hand, the
   recently discovered western rampart of the Outer Town can be traced to its
   full length in the LiDAR-derived DTM. Its form can be easily reconstructed on
   the basis of the results of the 2012 excavations and the section of the same
   rampart uncovered east of the main fortifications in 1955-56 (Fig. 8). Having
   studied the microtopography of the terrain, we were able to determine the
   position of a number of towers. They were clearly indicated by bumps,
   regularly distributed along the northern and northeastern sections of the
   rampart. The position of the tower below the Acropolis’ western postern could
   be easily determined as well, unlike the position of the tower opposite to
   the horseshoe-shaped one of the Acropolis fortification. Yet, it is hard to
   imagine that a hundred-meter-long section of the rampart was left
   unprotected. The rectangular shape of the towers is suggested because almost
   all the towers of the town’s outer fortification were constructed in that
   way. On the other hand, at present we cannot exclude the possibility that
   some towers were different, horseshoe-shaped in plan, like the ones on the
   Acropolis rampart. The disposition of the towers along the northeastern
   rampart of the Upper Town, in the area where the northern street presumably
   met the fortification, is not clear. This part of the site still lies under
   massive heaps of earth, and even the 1938 and 1947 aerial photographs are not
   indicative enough in this regard. However, the tower(s) might have been
   erected there, not only because the eighty-meter-long stretch of the rampart
   would be left without protection in an opposite scenario, but because it is
   likely that the northern street ended in a gate, or at least a postern. It is
   already known that some of the posterns on the Carič in Grad fortifications
   were defended by towers. The average distance between the towers of the
   town’s main fortification extends from 20 meters on the southern to 40 meters
   on the western rampart of the Lower Town; in our reconstruction the average
   interval on the Upper Town’s northern rampart is 44 meters. Another argument
   is that this gate might have connected the Upper and the Outer Towns. The
   position of the second postern is determined thanks to a depression in the
   terrain following the axis of another communication route in the Upper Town,
   leading from corridor 4 and running towards the north along the rows of
   buildings. Finally, the 3.8 meter width of the rampart in the section
   adjoining the northern tower of the Upper Town’s eastern gate may only
   indicate a staircase, the last reconstructed fortification element. On the
   plateau stretching between the northern ramparts of the Acropolis and the
   Upper Town fortifications a settlement developed with its radially
   distributed rows of buildings cascading down the slope. In the eastern part
   of the plateau there is the horreum, adjoined from the east by another
   building - the storage called Building with Pillars. Larger than the other
   buildings and constructed in opus mixtum, the two buildings follow the route
   of the Upper Town’s northern street, all of which indicates that they belong
   to the initial construction phase. One should not exclude the possibility
   that this part of the town was originally conceived as an economic district
   with storages and similar edifices. By all appearances, the original concept
   was soon abandoned. Already at the time of Justinian a settlement of numerous
   smaller buildings was created. With their walls of stone and wattle and daub,
   the buildings were roofed with tiles. Yet one should underscore that this
   construction phase, although less sophisticated than the first one, was
   accomplished according to a previously prepared plan; the spread of the
   buildings speaks to that effect. Shortly afterwards, if not at the same time,
   buildings were erected along the outer face of the Acropolis rampart - a
   clear indication of abandoning urban planning (Fig. 9). Public space was
   turned into private, in spite of the legal proscriptions of that time. During
   the last phase of the town’s life the buildings described, whether public or
   private, were partitioned into small rooms, often with fireplaces and with
   some of their entrances walled up. Just like the edifices constructed in opus
   mixtum, some of the more modest buildings from the second construction phase
   were used to store food - namely buildings 11 and 15C. The plan of this part
   of the site points to an organised settlement, most probably inhabited by
   persons servicing a significant clergy and administration. On the other hand,
   except for some houses - such as building 18 - small buildings along the
   Acropolis fortification, facing the main street, corridor 4, might have
   served as shops and workshops. Traces of furnaces, slag and bone working were
   also encountered in this area. The parallel application of classical research
   methods and modern techniques of sensing and detection enabled the
   reconstruction of the northern rampart and the urban matrix of the Upper
   Town’s northern plateau. Until recently among the least known parts of the
   town, this unit can now be regarded as one of the best defined. This is
   important not only for our understanding of Caričin Grad (Justiniana Prima),
   but also for the study of Early Byzantine urban planning in general.
PB  - Arheološki institut, Beograd
T2  - Starinar
T1  - New insights into urban planning of Caričin Grad: The application of modern sensing and detection methods
EP  - 160
IS  - 66
SP  - 143
DO  - 10.2298/STA1666143I
ER  - 
@article{
author = "Ivanišević, Vujadin and Bugarski, Ivan and Stamenković, Aleksandar",
year = "2016",
abstract = "Caričin Grad, Justiniana Prima, urban planning, fortification, settlement,
   aerial photography, geophysical surveys, LiDAR, photogrammetry, excavations,
   GIS. Thanks to the application of modern non-destructive sensing and
   detection methods, in recent years a series of new data on urban planning in
   Caričin Grad was obtained. For the most part, the current research programme
   studies the Upper Town’s northern plateau, wooded until recently and hence
   the only previously unexplored unit of the city. In the course of this
   programme, the classical research method - the excavations started in 2009 -
   is for the first time combined with the systematic application of airborne
   and terrestrial sensing and detection techniques. The analysis of historic
   aerial photographs and topographic plans proved to be very useful as well.
   Along with them, LiDAR-derived DTMs, photogrammetric DEMs, different
   geophysical and orthophotographic plans are stored in the GIS database for
   Caričin Grad and the Leskovac Basin. In this way almost 80 percent of the
   plateau area was defined, and the obtained plan is hypothetical only to a
   small extent, which particularly refers to the unexcavated northern rampart
   of the Upper Town. Each source provided relevant information for the
   reconstruction of both the rampart and the settlement, which points to the
   value of a holistic approach to documentation from various dates. The first
   source to be studied were archival aerial photographs of Caričin Grad from
   1938 and 1947 (Figs. 1, 2.1). The latter one was originally processed by
   Aleksandar Deroko and Svetozar Radojči}, who drew the plan of the town after
   it, labelling the unexplored Upper Town’s northern plateau as “a probable
   habitation area”. The route of the northern rampart was aslo rather precisely
   determined by the authors (Fig. 2.2). Recently, these photographs were
   rectified and georeferenced in the GIS. The 1938 shot reveals the position of
   some towers as well, and it is also indicative of the way of construction of
   certain buildings. From the spatial layout of whitish zones, originating from
   mortar scattered along the slope, it can be deduced which buildings were
   constructed in opus mixtum - the horreum and the so-called Building with
   Pillars east of it. Traces of mortar can be observed along the route of the
   rampart too. These archival images are particularly important because they
   record the topography of the site before it was filled with heaps of earth
   from the excavations. The topographic mappings of this area were conducted in
   1981 and 2006 (Fig. 3). The first plan was drawn after an airborne
   stereophotogrammetric survey of Caričin Grad, and in 2006, after the wood was
   cut down, this whole area was surveyed with the total station, with a density
   of nine points per square meter. This survey also resulted in a 3D terrain
   model (Fig. 3.2) indicating the layout of the buildings, which was to be
   proved by geophysical surveys and archaeological excavations. In the course
   of the Serbian-French reaearch programme, in 2007 geomagnetic surveys were
   carried out by Alain Kermorvan of the University of Tours. Thanks to the
   application of this method the remains of collapsed stone structures could be
   observed, and in 2015, in cooperation with the Roman-Germanic Central Museum,
   Mainz, and the Ludwig Boltzmann Institute from Vienna, the middle and eastern
   parts of the plateau were scanned with GPR (Fig. 4.2). Precise plans of the
   buildings were obtained in the areas in which LiDAR scanning and
   photogrammetric and geomagnetic surveys failed to produce clear images.
   Within the framework of the ArchaeoLandscapes Europe project, in 2011 we
   managed to organise an airborne LiDAR survey of the wider area of Caričin
   Grad. With its density of some 20 points per square meter, this scanning
   proved to be crucial for our comprehension of the town. The standard DTM
   provided numerous important data, especially its version calculated in the
   focal statistics function of the ArcGIS software package (Fig. 5. 1-2). These
   models show not only the route of the Upper Town’s northern rampart, the
   position of its towers and the layout of the buildings, but also the line of
   the Outer Town’s western rampart. Visible only in the DTM, this entirely new
   aspect of the Caričin Grad fortification has been attested by the
   excavations. Highly important plans of the town, and of the northern plateau
   of the Upper Town in particular, were obtained by UAV photogrammetric
   surveys. The first drone survey was conducted in 2014 within the scope of the
   same project. It resulted in a cloud with up to 1,600 points per square meter
   (Fig. 6.1-2). Unlike the LiDAR technology, photogrammetry cannot penetrate
   vegetation; therefore the preliminary clearing of the ground proved to be a
   most important step. After the 2015 campaign was finished, the excavation
   area in the Upper Town was documented again in the same manner. Regular
   photogrammetric surveys make possible the control of the works and reliable
   visual monitoring of the progress of exploration (Fig. 9). After the wood was
   cut down in 2006 and enormous heaps of earth from twentieth-century
   excavations and restoration works were carefully removed by machinery in 2008
   and 2010, without disturbing the original layers of debris, wide excavations
   could begin. At first only the humus layer was removed from fifteen-meter
   squares, which was followed by technical drawing. In 2009 and 2010 we did not
   explore the debris or the cultural layers (Fig. 7.1-2). The additional two
   squares were opened and documented in the same fashion in 2011, when
   previously recorded buildings 11 and 15C were explored in detail, together
   with the part of the corridor between them where a bread oven was found.
   These buildings were oriented south-north, cascading along the mild slope
   towards the northern rampart of the Upper Town. Fragments of pithoi and
   carbonised fruits were found in the buildings, allowing for an economic
   interpretation. Judging by coinfinds, the buildings ended in fire after the
   year 602. Some of the buildings on the northern plateau were oriented
   differently, following the route of the northern rampart of the Acropolis in
   the east-west direction. In 2012 building 18 was excavated, leaning on the
   rampart. Rectangular in plan and some 12 by 7.5 meters large, it had a storey
   and a 7 by 5.5 meters spacious paved atrium in the west. Parallel to building
   18 is building 20, the only one on the northern plateau constructed in opus
   mixtum. The two buildings are separated by a four-meter-wide street, running
   from east to west. This street, corridor 4, was partly cut in the rock. In
   some sections it had a substructure of fragmented debris. Building 20 has
   been carefully excavated for several years now. After the initial
   documenting, the surface layer of debris was removed, but not the collapsed
   structures with characteristic construction details; to the east of the
   building a collapsed wall was uncovered, containing as many as eight
   successive rows of stone and brick. Beneath these layers are the occupation
   ones, so far investigated only to a small extent. Building 20 is rectangular
   in plan, covering 25 by 12.5 meters. In its central axis there is a row of
   masonry pillars, dividing the building into two naves. On its western side
   there was a vestibule with a pair of doors matching the main entrances to the
   building. In the back of the vestibule, between these entrances and in axis
   with the pillars, there was a staircase. Adetailed analysis of these features
   led us to conclude that building 20 was a horreum, the first such edifice to
   be discovered in Caričin Grad. Taking into account the details of its ground
   plan, pillars, parts of collapsed walls and especially arches, it will be
   possible to reconstruct the original form of the horreum. Judging by the
   existing estimate, although somewhat rough, it was 13.5 meters high. It could
   be observed that in its later phases the horreum was partitioned into several
   rooms, and some of its entrances were walled up. In the vestibule only these
   later occupation phases were documented, as the original brick pavement was
   removed from its northern part. This was followed by a significant
   accumulation of cultural layers, which were sealed by the debris stratum.
   South of the horreum there is a spacious courtyard connected with the western
   street of the Upper Town. The Upper Town’s northern rampart has never been
   graphically reconstructed, despite the fact that Aleksandar Deroko and
   Svetozar Radojči} published its accurate (although schematic) ground plan as
   early as 1950 (Fig. 2.2). This part of the town has gradually been left out
   of the research focus, mainly due to the vegetation growth. Upon employing
   all the methods described above, however, it is possible to undertake such an
   effort. The ideal reconstruction suggested here includes the rampart route,
   the disposition and the form of the towers, and the possible locations of the
   posterns. The line of the rampart can be traced following the trenches left
   by the locals dismantling the walls. Only the section of the northwestern
   rampart in front of the western postern of the Acropolis cannot be presented,
   being still covered by massive earth deposits. On the other hand, the
   recently discovered western rampart of the Outer Town can be traced to its
   full length in the LiDAR-derived DTM. Its form can be easily reconstructed on
   the basis of the results of the 2012 excavations and the section of the same
   rampart uncovered east of the main fortifications in 1955-56 (Fig. 8). Having
   studied the microtopography of the terrain, we were able to determine the
   position of a number of towers. They were clearly indicated by bumps,
   regularly distributed along the northern and northeastern sections of the
   rampart. The position of the tower below the Acropolis’ western postern could
   be easily determined as well, unlike the position of the tower opposite to
   the horseshoe-shaped one of the Acropolis fortification. Yet, it is hard to
   imagine that a hundred-meter-long section of the rampart was left
   unprotected. The rectangular shape of the towers is suggested because almost
   all the towers of the town’s outer fortification were constructed in that
   way. On the other hand, at present we cannot exclude the possibility that
   some towers were different, horseshoe-shaped in plan, like the ones on the
   Acropolis rampart. The disposition of the towers along the northeastern
   rampart of the Upper Town, in the area where the northern street presumably
   met the fortification, is not clear. This part of the site still lies under
   massive heaps of earth, and even the 1938 and 1947 aerial photographs are not
   indicative enough in this regard. However, the tower(s) might have been
   erected there, not only because the eighty-meter-long stretch of the rampart
   would be left without protection in an opposite scenario, but because it is
   likely that the northern street ended in a gate, or at least a postern. It is
   already known that some of the posterns on the Carič in Grad fortifications
   were defended by towers. The average distance between the towers of the
   town’s main fortification extends from 20 meters on the southern to 40 meters
   on the western rampart of the Lower Town; in our reconstruction the average
   interval on the Upper Town’s northern rampart is 44 meters. Another argument
   is that this gate might have connected the Upper and the Outer Towns. The
   position of the second postern is determined thanks to a depression in the
   terrain following the axis of another communication route in the Upper Town,
   leading from corridor 4 and running towards the north along the rows of
   buildings. Finally, the 3.8 meter width of the rampart in the section
   adjoining the northern tower of the Upper Town’s eastern gate may only
   indicate a staircase, the last reconstructed fortification element. On the
   plateau stretching between the northern ramparts of the Acropolis and the
   Upper Town fortifications a settlement developed with its radially
   distributed rows of buildings cascading down the slope. In the eastern part
   of the plateau there is the horreum, adjoined from the east by another
   building - the storage called Building with Pillars. Larger than the other
   buildings and constructed in opus mixtum, the two buildings follow the route
   of the Upper Town’s northern street, all of which indicates that they belong
   to the initial construction phase. One should not exclude the possibility
   that this part of the town was originally conceived as an economic district
   with storages and similar edifices. By all appearances, the original concept
   was soon abandoned. Already at the time of Justinian a settlement of numerous
   smaller buildings was created. With their walls of stone and wattle and daub,
   the buildings were roofed with tiles. Yet one should underscore that this
   construction phase, although less sophisticated than the first one, was
   accomplished according to a previously prepared plan; the spread of the
   buildings speaks to that effect. Shortly afterwards, if not at the same time,
   buildings were erected along the outer face of the Acropolis rampart - a
   clear indication of abandoning urban planning (Fig. 9). Public space was
   turned into private, in spite of the legal proscriptions of that time. During
   the last phase of the town’s life the buildings described, whether public or
   private, were partitioned into small rooms, often with fireplaces and with
   some of their entrances walled up. Just like the edifices constructed in opus
   mixtum, some of the more modest buildings from the second construction phase
   were used to store food - namely buildings 11 and 15C. The plan of this part
   of the site points to an organised settlement, most probably inhabited by
   persons servicing a significant clergy and administration. On the other hand,
   except for some houses - such as building 18 - small buildings along the
   Acropolis fortification, facing the main street, corridor 4, might have
   served as shops and workshops. Traces of furnaces, slag and bone working were
   also encountered in this area. The parallel application of classical research
   methods and modern techniques of sensing and detection enabled the
   reconstruction of the northern rampart and the urban matrix of the Upper
   Town’s northern plateau. Until recently among the least known parts of the
   town, this unit can now be regarded as one of the best defined. This is
   important not only for our understanding of Caričin Grad (Justiniana Prima),
   but also for the study of Early Byzantine urban planning in general.",
publisher = "Arheološki institut, Beograd",
journal = "Starinar",
title = "New insights into urban planning of Caričin Grad: The application of modern sensing and detection methods",
pages = "160-143",
number = "66",
doi = "10.2298/STA1666143I"
}
Ivanišević, V., Bugarski, I.,& Stamenković, A.. (2016). New insights into urban planning of Caričin Grad: The application of modern sensing and detection methods. in Starinar
Arheološki institut, Beograd.(66), 143-160.
https://doi.org/10.2298/STA1666143I
Ivanišević V, Bugarski I, Stamenković A. New insights into urban planning of Caričin Grad: The application of modern sensing and detection methods. in Starinar. 2016;(66):143-160.
doi:10.2298/STA1666143I .
Ivanišević, Vujadin, Bugarski, Ivan, Stamenković, Aleksandar, "New insights into urban planning of Caričin Grad: The application of modern sensing and detection methods" in Starinar, no. 66 (2016):143-160,
https://doi.org/10.2298/STA1666143I . .
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